A. 连接词

　　连接词语是连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的词，常用连接词语用法小结如下：

　　1. 表选择关系或对等关系的连接词语：and， as well as...， both... and...， either... or...， neither... nor， or等。

　　2. 表转折关系的连接词：and yet， at the same time(然而)yet， but， on the contrary， on the other hand， however， while等。

　　3. 表解释说明的连接词：and so on， and the like， that is， that is to say， in other words， such as， for instance等。

　　4. 表因果关系或对等关系的连接词：as a result， as a result of...， because of， due to...， therefore， so， owing to， thanks to等。

　　5. 表递进关系的连接词：above all， besides， not only... but (also)， whats more， whats worse， in addition， worse still， moreover等。

　　6. 表示总结的连接词：briefly， in a word， on the whole， in short， in brief， to sum up， in all等。

　　上面的词语按类型可分为以下过渡词语：

　　1. 表示时间

　　at first 起初，after that 那以后，as early as 早……的时候， as soon as 一……就……， before， the other day 几天前，early in the morning 大清早，after / before dark 天黑后/前，next 接下来，then 然后，after that 那以后，later 后来，soon 不久，soon / shortly after ……之后不久，finally 最后，in the end 最后，eventually 最终，at last 终于，lately 近来，recently 最近，since then 自从那时起，in no time 不一会儿，after a while 一会儿，afterward 后来，to begin / start with=in the first place 首先、第一点，immediately 立即、馬上，meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时，earlier， until now 直到现在，suddenly=all of a sudden 突然， as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候，at the age of... 在……岁的时候， one day 有一天，one afternoon 一天下午，one morning 一天早晨

　　2. 表示列举和时序

　　for example 例如;... namely 即;... for instance 例如;... that is (to say) 也就是说;such as 如……;take... for example 拿……来说;like 像……;first， second， third... finally; firstly， secondly， thirdly... finally; first of all， next then， lastly， for one thing... for another...; at the same time;at first;at last等。

　　3. 表示空间

　　above 在上方;across 在……的另一边;around 在周围;behind 在后;before 在前;against 靠着、抵着;further on 再往前;to the right / left 朝右/左;on the right / left 在右/左边;in the middle of 在中间;in front of 在前面;in the front of 在前面;at the back of 在后面;at the bottom of 在底部;on the edge of 在……的边上;on top of 在……的顶部;opposite to 与……相对;close to 靠近;near to 在……附近;next to 与……相邻;under 垂直在下;over 垂直在上;below 在下方等。

　　4. 表示比较或对比

　　like 像;unlike 不像;similarly 同样地;in the same way 以相同的方式;compared to 与……相比;while 而;still=nevertheless 然而;on the contrary 正相反;different from 与……不同;on (the) one hand... on the other hand 一方面……另一方面;in contrast with 与……成对比等。

　　5. 表示递进或强调

　　besides 况且;whats more 更重要的是;thus 这样;above all 首先;indeed 的确;in fact / as a matter of fact 事实上;in other words 换句话说;in that case 那样的话;or rather 更确切地说;particularly 特别地

　　6. 表示增补

　　and 而且;both... and 不但……而且;not only... but also 不但……而且;as well as 不但……而且;also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且;in addition 并且;apart from 除了……之外;whats more 而且、更重要的;for another 另一方面;worse still=whats worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是;including 包括

　　7. 表示因果

　　because 因为;since 既然;as 由于;now that 既然 therefore 因此;thus 这样;so 所以;

　　as a result (of) 结果;because of=on account of 因为;thanks to 多亏;for this reason 由于这个原因;if so 如果这样;if not 如果不是这样

　　8. 表示目的

　　for this purpose; in order to do; so as to do; so that...; in order that...

　　9. 表示让步

　　though / although;no matter+疑问句;in spite of; whatever / however / whoever / even if / even though

　　10. 表示总结

　　in a / one word 简言之、一句话、总之;generally speaking 一般說来;in short=in a few words 简言之;in conclusion=lastly 最后地;on the whole=taking everything into consideration 从总体来看、大体上;so 所以;therefore 因此;thus 这样;as has been mentioned 正如所提到的;it is quite clear that 很显然;there is no doubt that 毫无疑问;it is wellknown that 大家都知道;as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道;as / so far as I know 据我所知;to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之

　　11. 表示转折话题

　　by the way 顺便说;I am afraid 恐怕……;in my opinion 依我看来;to tell the truth 说实话;to be honest 诚实地说;in fact 事实上

　　12. 表示转折

　　but 但是;still 然而;however 然而;while... 然而……

　　B. 段落结构分析

　　英语段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句。

　　1. 主题句：是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。例如：Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages， on farms and in factories， machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy， and energy is needed for heating， lighting， communications， carrying goods—everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

　　2. 扩展句：是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子、列数据(according to the recent study / survey)等。例如：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (扩展句1) One factor is the amount of sunlight received. (扩展句2) Altitude， or the height above sea level， also determines climate. (扩展句3) The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (扩展句4) In addition， climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.

　　3. 结尾句：结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。

　　C. 相关练习

　　选词填空

　　then; later; since; whenever; on the other hand;

　　and; once; while; on the contrary; in the first case

　　Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent， and profit from the clerks mistake， we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. (1) we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. (2) ， if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item， the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.

　　(3) ， what is it to do with our sense of happiness?

　　(4) ， where we dont tell the clerk， a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process， we would lose some peace of mind and selfrespect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted， (5) we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. (6) ， bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store， we feel honorable and our selfrespect is increased. (7) we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.

　　There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. (8) its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. (9) the positive cycle can be difficult to start， (10) its started， its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind， which is important for our happiness.

　　參考答案

　　1. Later2. On the other hand3. Then4. In the first case5. since

　　6. On the contrary7. Whenever8. And9. While10. once

　　(作者：康传桂，海安县李堡中学)