***课文听力和视频***

Unit 5 Working the Land

一、 单词转换

1．devote vt.把……献(给)；把……专用于

→devoted adj.忠诚的；深爱的

→devotion n．奉献；忠诚

2．short adj.短的；不足的；短期的

→shortage n．不足；缺少；短缺

→shorten vt.使变短

3．character n．性情；人物；角色

→characteristic n．特征 adj.典型的；独特的

4．convention n．常规；习俗；惯例

→conventional adj.传统的；习惯的

5．assume v．假定；设想

→assumption n．假定；设定

6．real adj.真的

→really adv.真正地；实际上

→reality n．现实；实际情况；事实

7．salt n．盐

→salty adj.含盐的；咸的

8.attain vt.（通常经过努力）获得；得到

→ attainable adj. 可获得的，可达到的

9.deep adj. 深的 adv.  深深地

→ deeply adv. 很，非常；强烈地，深深地

→ deepen vi.&vt. 加深,加深（理解）

→ depth n. 向下（或向里）的距离；深（度）

 

二、一词多义

1.boost vt.使增长；使兴旺  n．增长；提高；激励

①These changes will help to boost food prices.(vt.使增长)

②This has given clothing prices a big boost.(n．增长)

③This measure will be a great boost to the economy.(n．激励)

 

2.expand vt.& vi.扩大；增加  vt.扩展；发展(业务)

①The ranks of the teachers are constantly expanding.(vi.扩大；增加)

②The merchant wants to expand his business.(vt.扩大)

③The writer expanded his short novel into a long one.(vt.扩展)

 

3.estimate vt.估计；估价；估算 n．估计；估算

①The painter's estimate for painting the whole house was 1，000 dollars. (n．估计；估价)

②This painting is estimated at $200­$300.  (vt. 估价)

③He estimated the speed of the winds from the degree of damage.(vt. 估算)

 

4.characteristic n．特征；特点；品质 adj.典型的；独特的)

①The two species have several characteristics in common.(n.特征；特点)

②I recognized his characteristic walk.(adj.典型的；独特的)

③Independence is the outstanding characteristic of a person.(n.品质)

 

三、词汇讲解

1.devote vt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于

We should devote everything we have.

我们应该奉献我们的一切。

He devoted a great sum of money to books.

他花了一大笔钱买书。

[知识拓展]

devote...to (doing)sth. 把……献给(做)某事

devote oneself to...

＝be devoted to... 献身于；专心致力于

他将一生奉献给了教育事业。

He devoted himself entirely/all his life to education.

→ devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的

→ devotion n. 奉献；关爱

He could only devote two hours a day to the project, but his devotion to duty is worth respecting.

他一天只能在这个项目上花两个小时，但他忠于职守是值得尊敬的。

 

2.convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服

Robert's expression had obviously convinced her of his innocence.

罗伯特的表情显然使她相信他是清白的。

She needed to find a way to convince Michel he was wrong.

她需要想办法使米歇尔相信他错了。

[知识拓展]

convince sb.of sth. 使某人确信/明白某事

convince sb.that... 使某人相信……

convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事

我们一直在试图说服他放弃那个计划。

We've been trying to convince him to give up the plan．

她说的话让我相信我错了。

What she said convinced me that I was mistaken.

→ convincing adj. 令人信服的

→ convincingly adv. 令人信服地；有说服力地

→ convinced adj.    确信的；坚信的

be convinced of    相信……

be convinced (that)...(某人)相信……

 

3.assumption n．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得

She's always making assumptions about how much money people have.

她总在猜别人有多少钱。

Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.

你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。

[知识拓展]

make an assumption认为；假定

on the assumption that...假定……

→ assume v.  假定；设想

assume sb./sth.to be  假定/假设某人/某事为

It is assumed that... 一般认为……

It is generally assumed that too much work will cause stress.

在听到对他不利的证词之前，你假定他是无罪的。

You assume him to be innocent before hearing the evidence against him.

→ assuming(that)...  假设/假定……

一般认为，过重的工作会造成压力。

In most cases a false assumption would lead to a problem for the project, since we usually tend to assume that things will go the way we want.

在大部分的情况下，错误的假定会导致项目发生问题，因为我们通常倾向于假定事情会如我们所希望般的发生。

 

4.overcome vt.(overcame, overcome)克服；解决；战胜

In the final game Sweden easily overcame France.

在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。

I would overcome any weakness, any despair, any fear.

我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。

[知识拓展]

overcome difficulties战胜困难

be overcome with... 因……而受不了

他克服了种种困难最终取得了成功。

He overcame all kinds of difficulties and succeeded at last.

 

5.expand vt.& vi.扩大；增加  vt.扩展；发展(业务)

The petals of many flowers expand in the sunshine.

许多花瓣在阳光下绽放。

The business has expanded greatly over the last year.

过去的一年里， 这家公司极大地增加了业务量。

[知识拓展]

expand ...into... 把……扩展/发展成……

expand into... 发展成/扩大成……

expand on sth. 细说(阐述)……

请你把这一点详细说明一下，好吗？

Could you expand on this point, please?

→ expansion n.扩张；膨胀；扩展；扩大

辨析：expand, extend, spread

 

6.be comprised of... 包括......；包含......；由……组成(或构成)

The committee is comprised of representatives from both public and private sectors.

委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。

Groups are comprised of two or more people.

小组由两人或两人以上组成。

[知识拓展]

be composed of...由……组成

consist of...由……组成

be made up of...由……组成，构成

救援队由8个士兵和2个医生组成。

The rescue team is composed of eight soldiers and two doctors.

＝ The rescue team consists of eight soldiers and two doctors.

＝The rescue team is made up of eight soldiers and two doctors.

[名师点津]

consist of...没有被动语态，相当于be made up of...或be composed of...，且不用于进行时。

 

7.deep down 在内心深处；本质上；实际上

Deep down, Yuan Longping is still very much a farmer at heart.

在内心深处，袁隆平还是一个很有农民情怀的人。

→ deeply adv. 很，非常；强烈地，深深地

→ deepen vi.&vt. 加深,加深（理解）

→ depth n. 向下（或向里）的距离；深（度）

in depth 全面；深入；详细

at a depth of... 在...的深处

 

8.in turn 相应地；转而；依次；轮流

This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the animals and humans who digest them. 

这影响生长在土地上的农作物，转而又影响消化他们的动物和人类。

 

9.far from... 几乎相反，远非；远离 [表示具体距离时用(away) from不用far from]

However, this is far from the case.  

然而，事实远非如此。

I know a good Chinese restaurant not far from here。

我知道有家不错的中国餐馆离这里不远。

 

四、重点句式

1.what引导主语从句

(教材P50)However，what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat.

然而，最让他担心的是农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食物。

句式分析：句中what concerned him most为what引导的主语从句。

[例1]　What we need is money.

我们需要的是钱。

[例2]　What I want to know is this.

我想知道的就是这一点。

[知识拓展]

what是连接代词，引导的从句可以作主语、宾语或表语；what本身在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。

What made her angry was not clear.

是什么使他哭的还不清楚。

[名师点津] 

what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所……的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词＋that”。that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句中通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略。

It's the best that you should work hard．

你最好还是努力工作。

 

2.It is/was＋过去分词＋that...

(教材P50～51)Today，it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains.

据估算，现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物。

句式分析：句中it is estimated that“据估算”为 “It is/was＋过去分词＋that...” 结构。it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。

[例1]　It is estimated that every year 50 unaccompanied children arrive in Britain.

据估计，每年有50名儿童独自来到英国。

[例2]　It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.

据估计这花瓶有两千年历史。

[知识拓展]

(1)常用于此结构的动词有say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，require，announce等。

(2)此句型可改写为“sb./sth.＋be said/believed/thought＋to do”或“people say/think...(that)...”结构。

It is estimated that the meeting will last four days.

这次会议预计要开4天。

It is said that he has passed the driving test.

→He is said to have passed the driving test.

据说他已经通过了驾照考试。

 

3.given that...引导的状语从句

(教材P51)Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one might think he would retire to a life of leisure.

考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。

句式分析：given that...意为“考虑到……”，引导的是一个状语从句。

[例1]　Given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.

在缺乏经验的情况下， 他们的工作已经算是做得相当不错了。

[例2]　Given that he gracefully apologized, the woman accepted his apology.

在他有礼貌地道歉后，这位女士接受了他的道歉。

[知识拓展]

(1)用作give 的过去分词，引出过去分词短语作状语，意为“如果有……”，“假定……”等义，此时要注意其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。

(2)可用作介词，后接名词或代词，意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”。

(3)用作形容词，意为“特定的”“一定的”“规定的”等，通常用作定语。

(4)given 后也可接 that 从句，表示“考虑到”。

If the trees had been given more attention, they could be grown better.

→Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

Given her interest in children, I'm sure teaching is the right career for her.

→Given that she is interested in children, I'm sure teaching is the right career for her.

 

五、单元语法-主语从句（The Subject Clause）

概念：在复合句中充当主语的句子， 叫做主语从句。

句子结构：“主语从句（引导词+主语+谓语..）+谓语动词+句子其它...”

What he said is of great importance . 他所说的很重要。

主语从句引导词：

1）that

引导主语从句，本身无词义，在从句中不作成分，但不可省略。

That Tom passed the exam made his parents happy. 汤姆通过了考试，这让他父母很高兴。

2）whether

引导主语从句，意为“是否”，在从句中不作成分，不可省略，位于句首时不能用if。

Whether we‘ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

明天我们是否去野营取决于天气。

3）what 

引导主语从句，意为“...的事，”在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，不可省略。

What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation .（what 在从句作主语）

去太空旅行所需要的就是仔细的准备。

What they want is a good book.（what 在从句作宾语）

他们想要的就是一本好书。

4）其它特殊疑问词引导的主语从句：

注意特殊疑问词引导的主语从句要用陈述语序。

Who will do it doesn’t matter.

谁要做这件事没关系。

Which plan is better will be announced later.

哪个计划更好稍后宣布。

Whose book it is is unknown.

它是谁的还书不知道。

When the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided .

会议什么时候举行还没有决定。

Where we will go for a picnic is still a problem .

 我们要去哪里野营仍然是个问题。

Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle .

恐龙为什么灭绝了仍然是个谜。

How gold was found there is not clear.

金子是如何在那里被发现的现在还不清楚。

 

（三）主语从句it 做形式主语

为了避免主语显得过长，可以用it 作为句子的主语，把主语从句移到句子的末尾。

1 . that 引导主语从句，it 作形式主语常用句式：

1 ) It +be +adj（certain, likely, surprising,..+ that 从句

It is certain that she will do well in her exam.

可以肯定她会考的很好。

注意以下几个形容词常用虚拟语气句式：

“It is +adj（strange奇怪的，natural 自然的，necessary 必然的，important重要的）+ that 从句”

（从句谓语动词用“should +动词原形”，should 可省略）

It is strange that he (should) have treated his parents like that .

真奇怪，他竟然那样对待他父母。

It is important that students should attend all the lectures.

所有的学生都应该去听课，这是很重要的。

2）It +be +n (a /no wonder 奇怪/难怪，an honor荣 幸，a pity/a shame 遗憾，+that 从句)

It is no wonder that you are so tired.

难怪你这么累呢。

It is a wonder that you have been walking for hours. 

令人奇怪的是你一直走了好几个小时。

3）It + be +过去分词（known,said,reported,thought..）+ that 从句

It is well known that practice makes perfect.

众所周知熟能生巧。

注意：It is suggested/ proposed/ recommended(建议，提议)，desired(要求)+that 从句，从句的谓语动词用“should +动词原形”，should 可省略。

It is suggested that the meeting (should ) be put off till next week.

人们建议会议推迟到下周。

It is desired that every student (should) obey the school rules .强烈要求每个学生都应该遵守学校纪律。

4）It happens/happened that 从句（碰巧...）

It happened that she was out when he called.

他打电话时她碰巧不在家。

 

2 .whether 引导主语从句，it 作形式主语常用句式：

1)whether 与or not 直接连用

It makes no difference whether or not he will come .

他是否来无关要紧。

2)whether 与表示选择的or连用

It makes no difference whether he comes or leaves.

他是来还是去无关要紧。 

3)与or not 不直接连用，whether/if 都可

It makes no difference whether/if he will come or not.

他是否来无关要紧。

 

3.特殊疑问词（who,when ,why ,where,how.. ）引导 主语从句，it 作形式主语常用句式：

It makes no difference where we will have the meeting. 

我们在哪开会都无所谓

It hasn’t been decided who will give us a speech.

谁要给我们做演讲还没有决定。

It is hard to understand why there is gravity .

为什么有引力很难理解。

 

（四）主语从句注意：

1.主语从句的语序：陈述语序

Whose book it is is unknown.

它是谁的还书不知道。

2.主谓一致：单个的主语从句作主语，主句的谓语动词用单数。

When the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided.

会议什么时候举行还没有决定。

Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle.

恐龙为什么灭绝了仍然是个谜。

3.主语从句，表示“是否”，位于句首时只能用 whether。

Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

明天我们是否去野营取决于天气。寒假预习必备|

 

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