***Unit 6 Space and beyond*** 

 

一、词汇派生

1.exceptional adj.异常的

→unexceptional adj.平常的

2.suspend v.暂停，中止

→suspension n.暂令停职

3.notion n.概念；观点；看法

→notional  adj.概念上的

→notionally adv.想象地

4.accustom v.使适应， 使习惯

→accustomed adj.习惯的

5.tragedy n.不幸；悲剧

→tragic adj.悲惨的；悲剧的

→tragically adv.悲惨地，不幸地

6.shadow n.坏影响，阴影

→shadowy adj.阴暗的，朦胧的

 

二、一词多义

1.shadow n.

①The children were having fun，chasing each other's shadows. (影子)

②I thought I saw a figure standing in the shadows.(阴暗处)

③These people have been living for years under the shadow of fear.(坏影响)

④A shadow of a smile touched his mouth.(少许)

2.crew n.

①I'm thinking of going out for crew this term. (赛艇运动)

②None of the passengers and crew were injured.(全体机组人员)

③He is a member of the Cambridge crew. (划船队)

 

三、知识要点

1.accustomed adj.习惯的；通常的；惯常的

You must accustom yourself to be more at ease when you are before strangers.

当你在陌生人面前时，要使自己习惯于别太拘束。

You'll soon accustom yourself to the climate here.

你将很快习惯这里的气候。

[造句]他习惯于早起，这对他的健康有益。

He is accustomed to getting up early，which is beneficial to his health.

[知识拓展]

(1)be accustomed/used to(doing)sth.习惯于(做)某事(表示状态)

get/become accustomed/used to(doing)sth.习惯于(做)某事(表示动作)

(2)accustom vt.使习惯于

accustom oneself/sb.to sth.使自己/某人习惯于(做)某事

①The students quickly accustomed themselves to the new timetable，which excited the teachers.

②As we all know，English people are accustomed to driving on the left.

[小片段填空]

Accustomed to getting up late in the morning，I spend a lot of time accustoming myself to the school's rules and regulations.

 

2.average adj.平均的；普通的 n.平均数；平均水平v.平均为

It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed.

售出一幢房子平均需要10周的时间。

I was only average academically.

我的学习成绩一般。

[造句]　他只是个普通的学生。

He is just an average student.

[知识拓展]

an average of...平均有(后跟数词)

on average 平均地；在一般情况下

above/below average 高于/低于平均数/水平

up to the average 达到平均数/水平

①It is said that the time spent on homework by Chinese students is more than four hours a day on average.

②To their great joy，their son's schoolwork is well above average.

③The economy in this area has grown at a remarkable rate，averaging almost 10 percent per annual.

[小片段填空]

 There were 90 students getting full marks in the exam，an average of 18 students (平均有18名学生)in each class.Tom's was above average (在平均水平以上)while John's was below average (在平均水平以下).

 

3.involve vt.包括；涉及；使参加

Any investment involves an element of risk.

任何投资都有一定的风险。

The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.

考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。

[造句]让你的学生参与课堂活动是至关重要的。 

Getting your students involved in classroom activities is vitally important.

[知识拓展]

(1)involve sb.in(doing)sth.使某人参与(做)某事；使某人牵扯到某事中

involve doing sth.包括做某事；需要做某事

(2)involved adj. 复杂的；有牵连的；有关的

get/be involved in...被卷入……之中；热衷于；专心于

be/get involved with sb./sth.与某人混在一起/和某事有密切联系

(3)involvement n. 参与；加入；插手

involved adj.作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。例如：an involved sentence“一个复杂的句子”；the people involved“所涉及的人”。

①Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

②In a recent book，he advocated much more government involvement in health care.

③When she was young，she did as many things as she could，like getting involved in sports teams and school clubs.

[小片段填空]

Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves spending(spend)quite a lot of time with students.Sadly，a serious accident involving(involve)a group of youths happened on him.Involved(involve)in the car accident，he had no alternative but to stay and wait for the policeman.

 

4.assume vt.假设，假定；认为；承担

Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.

咱们暂时假设计划成功。

It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.

普遍认为，压力是工作过重所致。

[造句]　在他被证明有罪之前，我们必须假定他是无辜的。

We must assume him to be innocent until he is proved guilty.

[知识拓展]

(1)assume sb./sth.to be...假定/假设某人/某事为

assume that...假设……；认为……

It is/was generally assumed that...普遍认为……

(2)assumption n. 假定，假设，设想

on the assumption that...假定……，假设……

assuming(that) ... 假定……(作状语)

①I hope to go to college next year，always assuming that I pass my exams.

②We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up.

③People assume that what they do has little effect on the environment.

→It is assumed that  what they do has little effect on the environment.

④If there was not the hard work of the dustman，what can you imagine our environment will be like?

→Assuming that there was not the hard work of the dustman，what can you imagine our environment will be like？

[小片段填空]

 It is assumed that hard work leads to great success，so we assume him to be successful.But assuming that he is not that lucky，what shall we do to comfort him?

 

5.shadow n.坏影响，阴影

She seemed to have always been under the shadow of her father.

她似乎总是生活在父亲的阴影下。

The scandal cast a shadow on his career.

这件丑闻给他的事业投上了一层阴影。

[造句]那棵树投下影子。

The tree cast its shadow.

[知识拓展]

be frightened/nervous/scared of one’s own shadow  非常胆小(或十分紧张)

in the shadow of...在……附近

under the shadow of...在……的阴影中

without/beyond a shadow of a doubt  毫无疑问

①The new market is in the shadow of the City Hall.

②Kate has been living for years under the shadow of fear.

③Whenever he sees his boss，he is nervous of his own shadow.

 

6.scream v.(因疼痛、惊恐、兴奋等)尖声大叫

He covered her mouth to stop her from screaming.

他捂上她的嘴，不让她叫出声来。

The kids were screaming with excitement.

孩子们兴奋地喊叫着。

[造句]那个女人躺在那里，疼得直尖叫。

The woman lay there，screaming with pain.

[知识拓展]

scream with laughter尖声大笑

scream out for.../to do 亟须；亟待

let out a scream 发出尖叫声

①Someone was screaming out for  help.

②These books scream out to be included in a list of favourites.

 

7.suspend v.暂停，中止；悬挂

Production has been suspended while safety checks are carried out.

在进行安全检查期间生产暂停。

[Cancel or suspend is not allowed.

不允许“取消”或“终止”。

[造句]这周工会暂停了罢工。

The union suspended strike action this week.

[知识拓展]

(1)suspend sb.from sth.(尤指因为违反纪律)暂令某人停学或者停职

(2)suspend sth.from sth./by sth.悬挂

be suspended in sth.  悬浮在……中

①Her body was found suspended by a rope.

②A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.

③Julie was suspended from her job shortly after the incident.

 

8.doubt n.怀疑 v.怀疑；疑惑

There is some doubt about the best way to do it.

这件事怎么做才是最佳办法有点吃不准。

There is no doubt at all that we did the right thing.

毫无疑问我们做得对。

[造句]　毫无疑问他会同意这个计划。

There is no doubt that he will agree to the plan.

[知识拓展]

(1)have doubt about/whether... 怀疑……

have no doubt about/that...不怀疑……

There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……

(2)without doubt＝beyond doubt毫无疑问；一定地

no doubt  肯定地；想必

(3)doubtful adj. 怀疑的

在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后跟that引导的宾语从句或同位语从句；在肯定句中，后接whether或if引导的宾语从句或whether引导的同位语从句。

①I hope they will finish the project in time，but they themselves are very doubtful that it will.

②I still doubt whether the price of computers in the store will go down，but I will just wait and see.

③I never doubt that special classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life soon.

 

9.remind sb.that...使某人想起……

I'm sorry，I've forgotten your name.Can you remind me?

对不起，我忘了你的名字。提醒我一下好吗？

Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.

提醒我在出去之前给艾伦打电话。

[造句]请提醒他一到家就给我打电话。

Please remind him to call me as soon as he gets home.

[知识拓展]

remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事

remind(sb.)that/how/what...……提醒(某人)……

其他“v.＋sb.of sth.”结构的短语还有：

①inform sb.of sth.  通知某人某事

②rob sb.of sth. 抢劫某人某物

③accuse sb.of sth. 控告某人某事

④warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事

⑤cure sb.of sth. 治愈某人某病

⑥convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事

[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子

①Passengers are reminded (remind)that no smoking is allowed on this train.

②Reminded not to drive (drive)after drinking，some drivers are still trying their luck，which is really dangerous.

③The result will help to predict some major and severe diseases and your preference for diet and remind you of suitable ways to exercise(提示你合适的锻炼方式).

 

四、重点句式

1.形容词短语作状语

[教材P62]　Millions watched that first lunar landing on black and white television sets，their hearts in their mouths，aware of how arduous and hazardous an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong.

数以百万计的人在黑白电视机上观看了第一次登月，他们的心提到了嗓子眼儿，意识到这是一项多么艰巨和危险的任务，也意识到许多可能会出错的事情。

句式分析：句子中aware of how arduous and hazardous an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong 是形容词短语作状语，来说明主语的状态。

[例1]　Seriously injured，some of the passengers were sent to the nearest hospital at once.

伤势严重，一些乘客被立即送往了最近的医院。

[例2]　Brave，good and strong，Xiulian is the character we care about most.

我们最关心秀莲这个角色，她勇敢、善良而且坚强。

[造句]　 经过长途旅行，他们三个回到了家，又冷又饿。

After the long journey，the three of them returned home，hungry and tired.

[知识拓展]

(1)形容词(短语)作状语时，说明句子主语的特点或处于某种状态。形容词(短语)作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等。

(2)形容词(短语)作状语时，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。

如果用来修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则应用副词作状语。

[翻译1]　既惊讶又高兴，托尼站起来接受了奖品。

Surprised and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize.

[翻译2]　男孩满心恐惧地跑回家。

The boy ran home，full of fear.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①Luckily(luck)，his mother was very patient，and don't give up trying to help him.

②She looked at me，happy and satisfied(satisfy).

 

2.no ＋比较级＋than

[教材P63]　The world went into shock，most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.

全世界陷入震惊，大多数人本来认为这次太空飞行会和乘普通飞机旅行一样安全。

句式分析：“A＋no more...than B”句式表示两者都不……

[例1]　John is no better than Tom.

约翰和汤姆都不好。

[例2]　Jack is no more diligent than Tom.

杰克和汤姆都不勤奋。

[造句]　我和你个子都不高。

 I am no taller than you.

[知识拓展]

(1)“no＋比较级＋than”结构表示该形容词或副词的相反含义，意思是“与……一样不……”，如：no better than意义上相当于as bad as，no wiser than意义上相当于as stupid as，no richer than相当于as poor as，no bigger than相当于as small as。

(2)not＋比较级＋than含义是“不比……怎么样” 比如not better than...不比……好。

(3)比较级的其他特殊表示方法：

①表示两者之中“较……”，用the＋比较级＋of the two。

This one is the bigger of the two houses.

这所房子是两座房子中较大的。

②定冠词或指示形容词＋比较级＋名词表示比较。

The taller boy is John.

那个身高较高的男孩子是约翰。

③有少数以ior结尾的形容词，如inferior(次于)，junior(地位低下的)，posterior(之后)，prior(之前)，senior(地位高)，superior(优于)等本身就有比较的意思，常与介系词to连用。

This method is superior to that one.

这种方法优于那种方法。

(4)形容词比较级可以被副词如a little(一点)，much(得多)，even(更加)，still(更加)，far(……得多)等修饰，但不可用very修饰。

Life is very much easier than it was twenty years ago.现在的生活比20年前简单得多了。

[翻译1]　这本书不如那本书有趣。

This book is not more interesting than that one.

[翻译2]　这本书和那本书一样不令人感兴趣。

This book is no more interesting than that one.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子

①He is senior to me.

②Tom's handwriting is far/much/even better(好得多)than yours.

 

五、长难句分析

Millions watched that first lunar landing on black and white television sets，their hearts in their mouths，aware of how arduous and hazardous an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong.

分析：本句的主干部分是Millions watched that first lunar landing on black and white television sets，本句中独立主格结构是their hearts in their mouths，aware of how arduous and hazardous an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong这部分也是作状语。and 是表示并列关系，而且后面省略了形容词aware。

译文：数以百万计的人在黑白电视机上观看了第一次登月，他们的心提到了嗓子眼，意识到这是一项多么艰巨和危险的任务，也意识到许多可能会出错的事情。怎么给孩子选择较好的冬令营？

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