怎样在阅读中分析篇章结构

 

一、科普类文章

1．引出中心内容的方法

(1)A but B。

这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A，即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法，与B的意思正好相反。

Most animals have little connection with animals of adifferent kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (伙伴关系) which does good to both of them. You may havenoticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. This is not because they wanta ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites (寄生虫) on sheep. The sheep allow the birds to do so becausethey remove the cause of discomfort. So although they can manage without eachother, they do better together.

The idea of fighting a noise by making more noisesounds strange, but that’s exactlywhat motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries.

(2) 用熟悉的事物作类比。

这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。

Decision-thinking isnot unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also whatothers think you think and what you think they think you think. The mentalprocess is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerableinterest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.

2．说明中心内容的方法

(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)

(1) 举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的for example, for instance, such as以外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。

(2)  讲原理

Car-maker’s research and development laboratories havealready proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers canreduce the unwanted noise.

(3)  讲好处(advantage)

Another good thing about theuses of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, whichnot only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oiland work better.

(4) 讲问题(disadvantage)

Some engineers believe that the noise-killing systemwill be used in most cars in 1996.  Butthe carmakers haven’t decided if they will put it into production because itwould add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.

(5)讲应用(application)

(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面

There are two types of fat: externalfat (fat under skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall).  Doctors, who have been examining therelationship between health and fatness, have found that the “pears” have lessinternal fat, but the “apples” have more internal fatthan external fat.  This seems to be whatcauses the health problems.

(7)强对比说明

One mistaken idea about business is that it can betreated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itselfare games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Businessdecisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors which wouldeven puzzle best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable toadmit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that theyare playing chess, not poker.

 

二、社会观点类文章

这一类文章比较高级,所以在高考中出现得很少。

Computer people talk a lot about the needfor other people to become “computer-literate.” But not all experts (专家) agree that this is a good idea.

   One pioneer,in particular, who disagrees is David Tebbutt, the founder of Computertown UK.Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer tothe computer, David does not see it that way. He says that Computertown UK wasformed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them“people-literate.”

   David Tebbuttthinks Computertowns are most successful when tied to a computer club but heinsists there is an important difference between the two. The clubs are forpeople who have some computer knowledge already. This frightens awaynon-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computersfor them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer anyquestions they have. They are not told what to do, they find out. The computerexperts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be ableto answer all questions people ask. People don’t have to learn computer terms (术语) , but the experts have to explain in plain language.The computers are becoming” people-literate.”

 

三、社会问题类文章

1．引出问题：某一部作品中的观点

Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called Firstand Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of differentmen and of strange civilizations, broken up by long ‘dark ages’ in between. Inhis view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in humanhistory and we are just he First Men. In 2,000 million years now there will bethe Eighteenth or Last Men.

However, most of our ideas about the future are reallyvery short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years.But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million? That’s much moredifficult.

2．解决问题的重要性

So why bother even to try imagining lifefar in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how shortour own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to thinkour own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make theearth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome,our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.

Second, by trying to escape from presentinterests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite freshideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the futuremen may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set your imaginationfree when you think about the future.

3．解决问题

Many cities around the world today areheavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demandfor environment(环境)friendly products have contributed to thepollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper,plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get ridof.

However, today, more and more consumers arechoosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe forthe environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these:“Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reusedor can it only be used once?”

A recent study showed that two out of fiveadults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it.This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell theirproducts to make sure that they are "green," that is, friendly to theenvironment.

Only a few years ago, it was impossible tofind green products in Supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Somesupermarket product cop labels (标签) to showthat the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling pointand emphasize it in their advertising.

 

四、社会现象类文章

1．社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。

Allan goes everywhere with BirgittaAnderson, a 54-year-old secretary. He moves around her office at work and goesshopping with her. "Most people don't seen to mind Allan," says Birgitta,who thinks he is wonderful. "He's my fourth child," she says. She maythink of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health billsand his taxes, but in fact Allan is a dog.

Birgitta and Allan live in Swede, a countywhere everyone is expected to lead an orderly life according to rules laid downby the government, which also provides (提供) a highlevel of care for its people. This level of care costs money./

Betty and Harold have been married for Mrs.But one thing still puzzles (困扰) old Harold. How is it that he can leaveBetty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame,come back three and a half hours later, and they' re still sitting on the sofa?Talking?

What in the world, Harold wonders, do theyhave to talk about?

Betty shrugs. Talk? We’re friends.

Researching this matter called friendship,psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years, interviewing more than two hundredwomen and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results werecompletely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference inthe con-tent and the quality of those friendships is "marked andunmistakable.”/

Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it bestwhen she said to her father, "But, Dad, you can't be healthy if you’redead."

Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark sohe could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% ofthe US population make every day. The big question is why./

When a group of children politely stop aconversation with you, saying: "We have to go to work now," you'releft feeling surprised and certainly uneasy. After all, this is the 1990s andthe idea of children working is just unthinkable. That is, until you are toldthat they are all pupils of stage schools, and that the "work" theygo off to is to go on the stage in a theatre./

America is growing older. Fifty years ago,only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10out of every 100 Americans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect(影响) American society in many ways -education, medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of America has made usa very different society - one in which people have a quite differentidea of what kind of behavior (行为) is suitable (合适) at various ages.

2．说明的方法

(1) 举例

As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself" (DIY) trend (趋势) in theU. S. continues to grow.

"We needed furniture (家具) for our living room," says John Ross, "andwe just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a fewtables and chairs." John got married six months ago, and like many youngpeople these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the costof living is very high. The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a nightschool. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.

Jim Hatfield…

(2) 中心的一个侧面

…That is, until you are told that they areall pupils of stage schools, and that the "work" they go off to is togo on the stage in a theatre.

     Stageschools often act as agencies (代理机构) to supply children for stage andtelevision work...

     A visit tosuch schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves…/

Researching this matter called friendship,psychologist Lillian Rubin …the difference in the content and the quality ofthose friendships is "marked and unmistakable.”

More than two-thirds of the single menRubin interviewed could not name a best friend...

“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book,“women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, butmen’s relationships are marked by shared activities.”

"Even when a man is said to be a bestfriend," Rubin writes, "the two share litt1e about their innermostfeelings…

(3) 解释原因

…The big question is why.

There have been many myths about safetybelts ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago. Thefollowing are three of the most common.

Myth Number One…

(4) 评价

While most people use little white lies tomake life easier, the majority of Americans care about honesty in both publicand personal life. They say that people today are less honest than they wereten years ago. Although it is believed that things are getting worse, lyingseems to be an age-old human problem. French philosopher (哲学家) Vauvenarges, writing in the eighteenth century,touched on the truth when he wrote, "All men are born truthful and dieliars (说谎者) ."

(5) 存在的问题

The schools themselves admit that not allchildren will be successful in the profession for which they are being trained.So what happens to those who don't make it? While all the leading schools saythey place great importance on children getting good study results, the factsseem to suggest this is not always the case.

(6) 排比说明

A person's age no longer tells you anythingabout his/her social position, marriage or health. There's no longer aparticular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married orstarts a family. The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to goto school. It doesn't surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university presidentor a 35-year-old grandmother, or a 70-year-old man who has become a father forthe first time. Public ideas are changing.

 

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