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高考必考点:形容词和副词的词性变化,形容词的比较等级(100%)】
形容词
概述: 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。形容词主要用来修饰名词。在句中可以用作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和状语等。形容词还有比较级和最高级形式。如:
I am surprised that you should have been fooled bysuch a (an) simple trick.
我感到惊奇的是你本该被如此简单的伎俩所愚弄的。
Wait till you are more certain. It’s betterto be sure than sorry.
等到你更有把握。有把握总比后悔好。
Don’t be too curious about things you’re notsupposed to know.
对于你不应该知道的事不要太好奇。
Whilesleeping, please try to keep the doors closed and the windows open.
Hismost recent book isn’t more interesting than his previous ones.
他最近是书不如以前的书有趣。
Canada is the world’s biggest producer ofthe kind of paper which is used for newspapers.
加拿大是世界上最大的新闻纸生产国。
形容词的作用
形容词主要用来修饰名词。在句中可以用作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和状语等。如:
Their cheerful voice showed that they were having afriendly discussion.
他们高兴的声音表明他们正在进行一次友好的讨论。
If you are curious about Australia cities,just read the book written by Dr. Johnson.
如果你对澳大利亚的城市感到好奇,你可以读一读Dr. Johnson写的书。
Some of the houses on the hillside are inconvenientto cars.
山上的一些房子对于汽车来说很不方便。
The office equipment will be repaired free ofcharge if it goes wrong.
如果这些办公设备坏了,可以免费修理。
注: a. 只作定语的形容词
I. chief(首要的) elder(年长的) other(其他的) live (活的) little(小的) very (正是) right (正是) southern(南方的) northern(北方的) eastern(东方的) western(西方的) wooden (木的) golden(金的) woolen(羊毛的)等形容词通常只能作定语。如:
What I wanted to discuss with you is this veryquestion.
我要跟你讨论的正好就是这个问题。
In central and southern China there is muchrain, but in northern China there is little rain.
在中国的中南部有很多降水, 而在北方几乎没有降水。
II. 复合形容词通常只能作定语。如:
She is a sixteen-year-old girl.
她是一个十六岁的女孩。
Thisbook is much too difficult for a five–year-old child to read.
这本书给一个五岁的孩子读太难了。
Canadais an English-speaking country.
加拿大是一个讲英语的国家。
Thisnew type of TV set is very thin, and it is no thicker than a one–hundred-pagebook.
这种型号的电视机很薄,只有一本百页的书那么厚。
I have to write a two-thousand-wordcomposition every other week .
我每隔一周就得写一篇两千字的作文。
b. 一般只作表语的形容词: afraid(害怕,恐怕) alone(单独的,独自的) asleep(睡着的) awake(醒着的) alike(相象的) certain(确信的,有把握的) glad(高兴的) sorry(抱歉的) sure(确信的) ill(生病的) well(健康的) 等。如:
He is fast asleep.
他正熟睡着。
You must be certain of your facts collectedin your investigation.
你必须肯定你在调查中搜集的事实可靠。
c. 不能单独作表语的形容词:worth(值得的) worthy (值得的) fond(喜欢) weekly(每周的,每周一次的) monthly (每月的,每月一次的) yearly (每年的,没年一次的) same(同样的) wooden(木制的) golden(金色的)等。如:
What is worth doing is worth doing well.
值得做的事就值得做好。
His suggestion is well worth considering.
=His suggestion is worthy to be considered.
=His suggestion is worthy of beingconsidered.
=His suggestion is worthy of consideration.
他的建议值得考虑。
So you are fond of ice-cream, are you?
因此你喜欢冰激凌,是不是?
形容词的位置
形容词的主要用法之一就是充当名词修饰语。通常置于被修饰词之前,但也有部分形容词只能置于被修饰词之后,还有部分形容词置于被修饰词之前或之后均可。
1. 多个形容词作前置定语的排列顺序:
前位限定词(all / both /such / what …)(即特定限定词)+ 中位限定词(冠词/指示代词/物主代词…)+ 数词(先序数词后基数词)+ 形容词(描绘性+大小、长短、高低+形状+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、地区、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别)+名词+名词。如:
On the side of the square stands a tall old greystone building.
在广场的一边耸立着一座灰色高大而古老的石头建筑物。
I wentto town with my mother yesterday. We bought some lovely old Germanglasses.
昨天我和我妈妈去了城里,我们买了一些由德国制造的漂亮的旧杯子。
Mr.Smith bought a small black leather purse for his wife.
史密斯先生给他的妻子买了一个小的黑色皮制钱包。
He has sold all his last three fine little roundold brown French wooden diningtables.
他卖掉了他的所有最后三张由法国制造的精美的黑色圆形旧木制小餐桌。
注: a. 当一个名词前有两个或更多的形容词修饰时,如果这些形容词是在同一个层次上,一般用连词或逗号隔开。如:
This is an old and famous research centerfor plants in London.
这是伦敦一所古老而著名的植物研究中心。
In another shop, the assistant advised her to buy someordinary, but very pleasant wine.
在另一家商店,售货员建议她买些普通,但很怡人的葡萄酒。
b. 当修饰单数可数名词的形容词被程度副词as, so, too, how所修饰时,形容词通常放在不定冠词之前。如:
She is so smart a girl that many a teacherlikes her.
她是如此聪明的一个女孩,以致很多老师都喜欢她。
He is as hard-working a student as you.
他像你一样是学习努力的学生。
This is too difficult a text for him toread.
这篇课文对他来说太难了,他读不懂。
How pretty a house it is!
多漂亮的房子啊!
2. 形容词作后置定语
1). 只能作后置定语的形容词
(1). else修饰由some, every, any, no 与-body, -one, -thing构成的不定代词,疑问代词和疑问副词时,必须后置。如:
I don’t think there is anything else we needdiscuss tonight.
我认为我们今晚不必讨论其它事了。
He had nothing else to do except return tohis hometown.
他没有别的事可做,只有回到他的家乡。
Everybody else but me has gone to the party.
除了我其他的人都去参加那个晚会了。
(2). 通常以a-开头的一般只作表语的某些形容词通常后置。如:
He is one of the greatest scientists alivein China.
他是中国在世的伟大的科学家之一。
He isone of the most famous musicians alive in the world.
他是还活在世上的最著名的音乐家之一。
The two brothers alike study in the sameclass.
长得相象的那两兄弟在同一个班读书。
(3). 修饰复合不定代词的形容词通常后置。如:
She likes to go anywhere very silent.
她喜欢去任何非常安静的地方。
Has anything special happened since I left.
在我离开后有什么特别的事发生吗?
(4). 与表示度量的词组连用的形容词修饰名词时通常后置。如:
The student bought a ruler twenty centimeterslong yesterday.
昨天那个学生买了一把20厘米长的尺子。
This is a brick 8 inches long, 4 incheswide and 2 and a quarter inches thick.
这是一块有八英寸长,四英寸宽,二又四分之一厚的砖。
(5). 由并列连词连接两个或多个同类属的形容词修饰同一名词时,形容词通常后置。如:
Many people, both young and old, are againstthis expensive way of life.
老老少少许多人都反对这种高消费的生活方式。
(6). 形容词短语修饰名词时,形容词短语通常后置。如:
I think he is a man full of energy.
我认为他是一个精力充沛的人。
2). 既可前置又可后置的形容词
(1). 意义相同的: enough(足够的)如:
We don’t have enough time to finish all thework.
=We don’t have time enough to finish all thework.
我们没有足够的时间,不可能完成所有的工作。
(2). 意义不同的:
出席的(后置) 本身的(后置) 缺席的(后置)
present { proper{ absent{
现在的(前置) 合适的(前置) 心不在焉的(前置)
如:
He was pleased at seeing so many people presentat his birthday party.
看见有如此多的人来参加他的生日晚会,他非常高兴。
At the present moment he is supposed to bein Paris.
现在他应该到了巴黎。
He is the only man absent from the meeting.
他是唯一没有参加这个会议的人。
I asked him a question but he looked at me in an absentway and didn’t answer.
我问了他一个问题,但他心不在焉地看着我,没有作答。
(3). 一些以-able 和 –ible结尾的形容词。如: a suitable actor=an actor suitable(一位合适的演员) visible stars=stars visible (可见的星星)
注:以-able 和 –ible结尾的形容词,前置或后置意义略有差别:前置时表示永久特征,后置时表示暂时情况。如:
Venus is a clearly visible planet.
金星是一个可清晰看到的行星。
Venus is the only planet visible now.
金星是现在唯一能看到的行星。
形容词的比较级和最高级
英语中大多数形容词都可用于比较。当它们表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的某些性质特征之间的程度上“相等”,“超过”与“低于”或“最……”等时,要用比较等级。它们有三种形式:原级(the positive degree),比较级(the comparative degree)和最高级(the superlative degree)。
1. 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成形式分为规则和不规则两种。
规则形容词的比较级和最高级的构成形式是:
在通常情况下,单音节和少数双音节词,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。如: small (小的) smaller(较小的) smallest(最小的)
以e结尾的词,比较级加-r,最高级加-st。如:nice(好的) nicer(较好的) nicest(最好的)
以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写词尾的辅音字母,再比较级加-er,最高级加-est。如: thin(瘦的) thinner(较瘦的) thinnest(最瘦的)
以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i,再比较级加-er,最高级加-est。如:
happy(高兴的) happier(比较高兴的) happiest(最高兴的)
在通常情况下,双音节词和多音节词,比较级在形容词前加more(更……)或less(更不……),最高级在形容词前加most(最……)或 least(最不……)。如: foolish(愚蠢的) morefoolish(较愚蠢的) most foolish(最愚蠢的) necessary(必要的) morenecessary(更有必要的) most necessary(最有必要的)
注: a. 一些双音节形容词的比较等级既可采用-er和-est形式,也可采用加more和most的形式。如:
cleverer cleverest
clever(聪明的){
more lever most clever
simpler simplest
simple(简单的){
more simple most simple
b. 以 –y, -ow, -le, -er, -ure等结尾的形容词多采用-er和-est形式。如:
healthy(健康的) healthier healthiest able(有能力的) abler ablest
narrow(狭窄的) narrower narrowest mature(成熟的) maturer maturest
c. fit, glad, ready, right, pleased, tired, wrong等形容词通常采用加more和most的形式。如:
fit(适合的) more fit most fit
d. 复合形容词的比较等级多采用加more或most的形式。如:
good-looking(样子好看的) moregood-looking most good-looking
不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的构成形式:
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
good, well |
better |
best |
many, much |
more |
most |
bad, ill |
worse |
worst |
little |
less |
least |
far |
farther, further |
farthest, furthest |
old |
older, elder |
oldest, eldest |
注: a. farther, farthest主要指距离的更远和最远; further既可指距离的更远,也可指程度上“更进一步,更深入的”。如:
Let’s stop to have a rest. I can’t walk any farther(further).
让我们停下来休息一下吧,我在也走不动了。
She has gone to the USA for further study.
她已去美国深造了。
b. older, oldest主要指年龄的更大和最大;elder, eldest 主要表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系。如:
My elder brother is a famous artist.
我哥哥是位著名的画家。
Susan is her eldest sister.
苏珊是她的大姐。
2. 形容词的比较等级的用法
1). 原级比较
(1). 原级常用于“原级”结构,即: as… as …。如:
Do you think art is as interesting asmusic?
你认为艺术象音乐一样有趣吗?
Afterthe new technique was introduced, the factory produced twice asmanytractors in 2001 as the year before.
在引进新技术后,这家工厂在2001年比上一年多生产了一倍的拖拉机。
She doesn’t speak as well as her friends,but her written work is excellent.
虽然她不像她的朋友们那样英语讲得好,但她的写作非常优秀。
(2). 原级的否定用“not as…as…”或“not so…as…”,“not as…as…”可用于各种原级比较,而“not so…as…”只能用于系表结构中。如:
English is not as difficult a language asChinese.
英语不象汉语那样难学。
He is not so hard-working a student as you.
他不是像你一样努力学习的学生。
(3). 同级比较的形容词与单数可数名词连用的句型:as / so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 +as 。 如:
He is as great a writer as Ba Jin.
他是一个象巴金一样伟大的作家。
She is so young and beautiful a girl as you.
她跟你一样年轻漂亮。
(4). 有些“as…as…”结构已成为固定结构,比如: asfar as(……那么远,远到;(表示程度)就……) as well as(同,和,也,又) as soon as(一…就…)等。如:
The children walked as far as the lake.
孩子们一直走到湖边。
As far as I know, he came from the USA.
就我所知,他来直美国。
Baker as well as hisparents is leaving for New York tomorrow.
贝克和他的父母一起明天要去纽约。
Carl can speak Chinese as well as French.
卡尔既会讲法语也会讲汉语。
The child is lively as well as healthy.
这孩子既健康又活泼。
Come to my office as soon as you finish yourhomework.
作业一完成,你就到我办公室来。
She is anxious to leave as soon as possible.
她急于尽快离开。
2). 比较级
(1). 比较级常用于“比较级+than”结构中。如:
She is better than I(me) at swimming.
她比我更善于游泳。(口语中一般用me)
Thisyear they have produced less grain than they did last year.
今年他们的粮食产量没有去年高。
Thepianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good.
另一家商店的钢琴要便宜些,但没有这家商店的钢琴好。
Professor White has written some short stories, buthe is better known for his plays.
怀特教授的短篇小说与他的戏剧相比,他在戏剧方面更出名。
Thedirector gave me a better offer than he gave Dick .
导演给我提供的条件要比他给迪克提供的好。
(2). 比较级的否定结构直接在比较级前加not。如:
You learn English not better than I.
你英语学得没有我好。
She looks not more beautiful than hermother.
她长得没有她的妈妈漂亮。
注: a. “no+比较级+than”结构相当于“as+比较级的原级的反义词+as”结构的含义。如:
Some bamboo grows no taller than your ankle.
=Some bamboo grows as short as your ankle.
有些竹子长得只有你的脚裸那么高。
The weather is no better than last month.
=The weather is as bad as last month.
现在的天气与上个月的天气一样糟糕。
b. 比较对象在句意或上下文中时,比较级后可以不带than结构。如:
I wish the weather were much better today.
我真希望今天的天气更好些。
That pair of shoes is too expensive! Have you gotanother cheaper pair?
这双鞋太贵了!你有便宜点的吗?
(3). 表示“两者之中较……的一个”,比较级前要加定冠词the。如:
Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose the lessexpensive one.
两件衬衫中,想选择便宜的一件。
If the manager had to choose between the two, hewould say John was the better choice.
要是经理在这两个人之间选择的话,他会说约翰是更好的选择。
The larger of the two islands is Britain, which lies to theeast of Ireland.
这两个岛中较大的一个是不列颠岛,它位于爱尔兰岛的东面。
(4). 为了避免重复,在than引导的比较状语从句中常用one, ones, that 和those等代词代替前一句中相同的名词。one代替单数可数名词,ones代替复数可数名词,one和ones通常都有前置限定词,有时也可能是后置限定;that代替不可数名词或单数可数名词,that 代替单数可数名词时,通常都有后置定语限定,those代替复数可数名词。如:
This mooncake is nicer than the other one.
这种月饼比那种好吃。
The number of the students in our class is largerthan that of the students in theirs.
我们班的学生人数比他们班的人数多。
(5). 比较级前可用many, much, still, even, rather, far, further, alot, a little, a bit, a great deal, by far, any等词语修饰表示比较的程度。如: .
You’restanding too near the camera. Can you move a little farther?
你站得离照相机太近,你可以站远一点吗?
—How did you find your visit to the museum?
—I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was far moreinteresting than I expected.
--你觉得这个博物馆怎么样?
--我非常喜欢,它比我预想的有趣得多。
If there were no examinations, we should have a muchhappier time at school.
如果没有考试,我们在学校里会过得比这更好。
注: a. many只能用于中心词是可数名词复数的比较级前。如:
He read many more books than his parents.
他比他的父母读的书更多。
That factory produces many more cars thanany other factory in the city.
那家工厂比城里任何其它工厂生产的小汽车都多。
b. by far只能用于比较级之后或带定冠词the 的比较级之前。如:
The dictionary is better by far than mine.
这本词典比我的那本好多了。
This is by far the better of the twodictionaries.
这本词典是两本词典中较好的一本。
(6). 形容词比较级前可用half, 50percent, two thirds等数词修饰。如:
The factory has sold 30 percent more carsthan planned.
这家工厂比计划多销售30%的小汽车。
My bicycle cost one fourth less than his.
我的自行车比他的便宜四分之一。
(7). 表示“越来越……”用“比较级+and+比较级”结构或“more and more+原级”结构。其后不可接than从句。如:
The weather becomes colder and colder.
天气变得越来越冷了。
She is becoming more and more active insports.
她越来越积极参加体育活动。
(8). 表示“越……,就越……”常用“the+比较级……,the+比较级……”结构。前半部分是状语从句,后半部分是主句。如:
It’s believed that the harder you work,the better result you’ll get.
人们相信,你越是努力学习,你就越是会取得好成绩。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越仔细,你犯的错误就越少。
(9). 比较级表最高级的含义,常见的结构有:
a. 比较级+than any other + 单数名词
如:
Canada is larger than any other country inAmerica.
加拿大是美洲最大的国家。
I think English is more popular than any othersubject.
我认为英语比其它任何一门学科都受欢迎。
b. 比较级+than any + 单数名词
如:
Canada is larger than any country in Asia.
加拿大比亚洲任何一个国家都大。
The population of India is larger than that ofany country in Europe.
印度的人口比欧洲的任何一个国家的人口都多。
c. 比较级+than any of the other +复数名词
如:
She is younger than any of the otherstudents in her class.
她是班上最小的学生。
Dan ismore clever than any of the other students in his class.
丹是班上最聪明的学生。
d. 比较级+than the others
如:
She is younger than the others in her class.
她是班上最小的学生。
The population of China is larger than thatof the others in the world.
中国的人口是世界上最多的。
e. 比较级+than all the other +复数名词
如:
She is younger than all the other studentsin her class.
她是班上最小的学生。
He jumps higher than all the other studentsin the school.
他是全校跳得最高的学生。
f. 比较级+than anyone (anybody, anything) else
如:
She is younger than anyone else in herclass.
她是班上最小的学生。
Bettyworks harder at English than anyone else in her class.
贝蒂是她班上英语学习最努力的学生。
g. Nobody(no one ,nothing …) +比较级+than sb. /sth.
如:
Nobody is younger than her in her class.
她是班上最小的学生。
Nothing is more important than my study now.
现在对我来说学习是最重要的。
h. No (Never…) +比较级
如:I have neverseen a more interesting film ever before.
这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
How beautifully she sings! I have neverheard a better voice.
她唱得多好啊!我从来没有听到过这么好的声音。
– Areyou satisfied with her answer?
-- Notat all . It couldn’t have been worse.
--你对她的答复满意吗?
--一点也不满意,没有比它再糟的了。
(10). 常用的比较级固定短语有:
more than 超过,……多,不仅仅
less than 少于,不到……
no more 不再 (相当于not…any more)
no longer 不再 (相当于not…any longer)
no more than 仅仅
not more than 不多于
no less than 不仅
not less than 不少于
more or less 或多或少
sooner or later 迟早
如:
Weadvertised for pupils last autumn, and got more than 60.
去年夏天我们张贴了招生广告,招收了60多个学生。
ChinaDaily is more than a newspaper , it is helpful to us all.
《中国日报》不仅仅是一份报纸,它对我们的帮助很大。
--Will you give this message to Mr. White,please?
--Sorry , I can’t. He doesn’t work here anylonger.
--请你给怀特带个口信好吗?
--对不起,我做不到,他不在这儿工作了。
The baby watched and listened, and it didn’tcry any more.
婴儿看着,听着,她不再哭了。
In all there are probably no more than atotal of 400 tigers left in China.
在中国,总计可能只剩下不超过400只老虎了。
3). 最高级
最高级表示三者及三者以上的人或物中“最……”,常用结构为“最高级+比较范围”。其中最高级前通常有定冠词、物主代词或名词所有格修饰。比较范围一般是短语或从句,有时比较范围被省略。如:
Autumn is the nicest season of the year inBeijing.
秋天是北京一年中最美的季节。
Greenland,the largest island in the world, covers over two million squarekilometers.
格林兰岛是世界上最大的岛,面积达两百多万平方公里。
(1). 形容词最高级前可用表示程度的副词或数词修饰(表示第二大,第三长等意思)。如:
He is by far the cleverest among us.
他在我们当中比谁都聪明得多。
China is the third largest country in theworld.
中国是世界上面积第三大的国家。
(2). 形容词最高级用作表语或补语时,有时可以不加冠词。如:
It is best to travel to Beijing in autumn.
秋天到北京旅游最佳。
Which do you think easiest—listening,speaking, reading or writing?
你认为哪方面最容易——听、说、读、还是写?
(3). 形容词最高级前用不定冠词或不用冠词表示“非常”,相当于very。如:
It is a highest building.
这是一幢非常高的大楼。
Oh! The garden is most beautiful!
哦!这花园真是美极了!
(4) 常用的最高级的固定短语有:
at (the ) most(至多,不超过) at (the )least (至少) 如:
The book is to be out in a month at most.
这本书至多一个月就会出版。
The repairs cost at least twenty pounds.
修理费用至少是二十英镑。
3. 倍数的表达法:
1). ……倍数+形容词(副词)的比较级+than … 如:
This hall is four times larger than ourclassroom.
这个大厅比我们教室大四倍。
2). ……倍数+as/so +形容词(副词) + as … 如:
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
3). ……倍数 + the size (length / height /depth / weight /width…) + of 如: This streetis twice the length of that one.
这条街是那条街的两倍。
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