Unit1 Festivals around the world
7. play a trick on 搞恶作剧，诈骗
12. look forward to 期望，盼望
1. Please make sure when and where the accident took place.
2. Some festival are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm.
还有一些节日，是为了纪念死者、满足或取悦祖先，因为（祖先们）有可能回到世上帮助他们，也有可能带来危害。
3. In Japan the festival is called Obon，when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.（非限制性定语从句）
在日本，这个节叫孟兰盆节，在这个节日里，人们要上坟、扫墓、烧香，以缅怀祖先。
4. They dress up and try to frighten people.
5. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick.
6. In India there is a national festival on October 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India's independence from Britain.
在印度，10月2日是纪念马哈特马.甘地的全国性节日，他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。
7. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.
最富生气而又最重要的节日，就是告别冬天、迎来春天的日子。
8. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow.
整个国度处处都是樱花盛开，看上去就像罩上了一层粉红色的雪。
定义：情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义、但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。
注意：①could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can。
②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。
2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）
3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。
5. cannot…too...表示“无论怎样……也不过分”
表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you can’t . or , yes, please 用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)。
用May I…征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
1. 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to。
2.“must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。
注意：have to也可拼做have got to。
1. need表示“需要”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。
注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”
2. dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。
3. dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。
②shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
③shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
①should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。
②Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。
③“should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。
1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。
3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。
4. would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）
3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
3.ought在美国英语中用的很少，而should却相当常用。
八. used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
2. had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。
3. would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。
7. get away with 被放过，（做坏事）不受惩罚
1. The food you eat helps you grow in different ways.
2. Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.
3. Which food contains more sugar?
4. What could have happened?
5. Something terrible must have happened if Maochang was not coming to eat with him as he always did.
要是茂昌不像往常那样和他一起吃饭，那问题一定严重了。
6. Curiosity drove Wang Pengwei inside.
7. We were surprised at finding the house empty.
8. They had me repeat the message.
9. I have a lot of work to do.
10. He did not look forward to being in debt because his restaurant was no longer popular.
Unit3 The Miliion Pound Bank Note
1. Have you ever made a bet with your friends?
2. Did he help you by accident or on purose?
3. I wonder, Mr Smith, if/whether you’d mind us moving your flowers outdoors.
史密斯先生，我不知道你是否介意我们把你的花移到室外去。
4. You’re about to hear the most incredible tale.
5. Permit me to say a few words.
6. After the rain, we went ahead with our work.
7. And it was the ship that brought you to England.
8. I earned my passage by working as an unpaid hand, which accounted for my appearance.
我是作为一个不拿工资的帮手赚来我的船费，这就是我为什么会衣冠不整的原因了。
9. Dick found himself walking in the direction of the church.
10. Even if/though he is very nice, I don’t trust him.
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
2. whether, if（有“是否”的含义，但不充当成分）
3. 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever,whose, which,whichever.（在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语）
连接副词：when, whenever,where,wherever, how, however,why（在从句中做状语）
4. as if,as though,because（不充当成分，在名词性从句中只引导表语从句）
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
It is known to us how he became a writer.
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
it作形式主语：有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。
It is clear that he is innocent in the accident.
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
it作形式宾语：在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”的句型中，如果宾语是从句的形式，则必须用it做形式宾语，把真正的宾语即宾语从句置于句末。
We found it impossible that the so much work will be finidhed in one day.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
This is because he has been working hard these days.
注意：because，as if 和 as though在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。
同位语的含义：在句子中，如果有两个名词，并且后一个名词是对前一个名词的解释说明，它们两个指的是同一个人或同一个物，那么，后面的名词就叫前面名词的同位语。
例如：This is my friend, Tom.（Tom是my friend 的同位语。）
可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等抽象名词。
The news that we won the game is exciting.
I have no idea when he will come back home.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
I had no idea that you were here．
（that无含义，that you were here 指的就是idea，所以是同位语从句，不能省略that）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you？
（that指的是the idea，that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
三. 连接词that在名词性从句中可以省略的三种情况
It is said (that) he has been studying abroad.
I think(that) you have much to improve in English.
I am afraid (that) I will be late.
Unit4 Astronomy：the science of the stars
1. We usually think of science subjects as physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics.
2. When are they to hand in their plan?
3. Whether we help him or not, he will fail.
4. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.
它(地球)巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
5. It was quite different from what I expected.
6. This made it possible for us to learn English better.
7. Scientist believe that taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filling the air with oxygen helped life to develop.
科学家认为，从大气中吸取二氧化碳，并向空气中释放氧气，有助于生命的发展。
8. He has experience as well as knowledge.
9. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere ,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中。
10. Whether life will continute on the earth for millions of years will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
生命是否会在地球上延续几百万年要取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
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