定语从句是高考的必考点,在语法填空、短文改错中,经常出现,而且难度不大,大家一定要弄清楚。
第一部分 关于定语从句的四大基本概念
【例句】This is the boy who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition.
主句:在含有定语从句的复合句中,除去定语从句后的部分,是句子的主句.(例句中This is the boy是主句。)
定语从句:修饰主句中的一个名词或代词的句子是定语从句.(例句中,who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition 是定语从句,修饰the boy.)
先行词:先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等,它总是出现在定语从句的前面.(例句中the boy是先行词.)
关系词:关系词指用来引导定语从句的词,分为关系代词和关系副词。(例句中,who是关系代词。)
参考答案
第二部分 关系代词和关系副词
含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分:主句和从句, 关系词是定语从句的一个成分。选用关系词,要看关系词在定语从句中做什么成分。
①He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.
②He worked in the factory where his father had worked.
③I like the school which is near to my home.
④I like the school where my sister studies.
在句①和句②中,先行词前都有in, 但关系词有用which 也有用where的;
在句③和句④中,先行词都是the school,但关系词有用which也有用where的。
因此,我们可以看出,对关系词起决定柱作用的并不是先行词.
在句①和句③中,关系词在定语从句中都是作主语,指代前文中的物,因此用的都是关系代词which;
在句②和句④中,关系词在定语从句中都是作状语,因此都是用关系副词where.
第三部分 定语从句的解题思路
I找:就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分(关系词划分在从句里面),再找出先行词和关系词。
II还:根据先行词提示的意思,大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话。(可以添词)
III替换:用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分,作主语和宾语用关系代词,作状语用关系副词。时间状语用when,地点状语用where,原因状语用why
例如:
① This is the school ______ I once studied.
② This is the school ______ is the most famous in the city.
③ I am studying at the school ______ my father teaches English.
找:(略)
还原:根据先行词的提示,这三句话的定语从句还原成完整的一句话后分别为:
I once studied at the school.
The school is the most famous in the city.
My father teaches English at the school.
粗体部分为根据先行词的意思把关系词还原后的部分。
替换:①和③做状语,用where, ②做主语,用which、that
经典练习
参考答案:
12. which或that where
13. which或that where
14. why which或that
15. when which或that
补充1:定语从句 VS 同位语从句
< 1.>定从前名词范围> 同位从前名词范围(有抽象名词可能是同位语从句,无抽象名词一定不是同位语从句)
<2.>同位语从句前面的名词只能是 有一定内涵的抽象名词 。
高考中常见的抽象名词:idea=thought, fact, news=word=information, hope, belief,suggestion=proposal, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order, evidence(背过,2019年新课标卷1 刚考过)
① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题是他是否值得信 赖的问题。(同位语从句)
② Word came that he had been abroad.据说他已经出国了。(同位语从句)
③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy。我们队赢了,这让我们很高兴.(定语从句)
<3.>定从相当于形容词;同位从相当于名词
①The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,说明news到底是一个什么消息)
②The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,指他告诉我的消息)
名词都是抽象名词的区分方式:
步骤一:假设是同位语从句,找到主句和从句。
①The news that our team has won the game was true. 主句:The news was true. 从句:that our team has won the game
②The news that he told me yesterday was true. 主句:The news was true. 从句:that he told me yesterday
步骤二:名词和从句是否能组成 是 的关系
①The news is that our team has won the game. 这个新闻是我们队赢得了比赛。(that 不翻译,可省略)
直接看从句部分:our team has won the game 是否是一个完整独立的句子(是否符合五大基本句型)
是一个独立完整的句子,所以是同位语从句
②The news is that he told me yesterday. 这个新闻是他昨天告诉我的。(that 不翻译,可省略)
直接看从句部分:he told me yesterday是否是一个完整独立的句子(是否符合五大基本句型)。我们知道tell sb sth. tell 这个词需要加双宾语,所以原句中少一个宾语,所以不对。(He told me that news 是可以的)所以不是同位语从句,那么就是定语从句。
补充3: as 常见的固定搭配
(1)as is reported, as is well-known,
As we all know, China will be the leading country in the future.
众所周知的是,中国未来将成为一个领先的国家。
(2)the same…as…,
We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.
我们已得出和他们同样的结论。(as 作宾语)
This is the same watch as was worn by John.
这与约翰戴的那块表一样。(as 作主语)
(3)必备:such…as…,
It’s such a heavy stone as nobody can move.
那是一块重得没人能移得动的石头。(as作宾语)
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face.
不要相信那种面吹捧你的人。(as作主语)
(4)必备:as…as…,
It is as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (as 作宾语)
这是一郅和我以往看的同样好的电影。
(5)必备:so…as…,
He is such a good student as every teacher likes.
He is so good a student as every teacher likes.
注意:so good a student = such a good student
6)必备:区分such/so…as…与 such/so… that… ,
It was so difficult a problem ______ no one worked it out.
It was so difficult a problem ______ no one worked out.
that as
7)必备:区分the same…as…与 the same…that… ,
the same...as 同一类
the same...that 同一个
I bought the same car as yours.
我买的那辆汽车和你的一模一样
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢失的那个
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