一、 定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy.有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom\'s pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做。
分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
介词短语作状语:
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)
不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。
名词作状语:
Come this way!/走这条路!(方向状语)
状语从句:
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
四、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词:yes
否定词:no
称呼语:称呼人的用语。
插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束
情态词:表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语)perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
五、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
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