（2018 全国卷Ⅱ）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005— when the government 68 (start) a soil-testing program 69which/that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

答案解析：started 考查时态。根据语境可知，when引导定语从句中需要谓语动词，when 代指 2005 年，在从句中作时间状语，因此从句谓语动词用一般过去时，故填 started。

（2017 全 国 卷 Ⅰ ）When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

答案解析：are removed 考查时态和语态。when 引导的时间状语从句需要谓语动词，本文的主题时态为一般现在时，此处也要用一般现在时；fat and salt 与remove 是被动关系，应用被动语态。所以此处用一般现在时的被动语态 are removed。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅰ）You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit.

答案解析：to see 考查非谓语动词。本句前面的don’t have to run 是谓语动词，此处应用非谓语动词；分析句子结构和句意可知，此处应用动词不定式 to see 做目的状语。

（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce the risk of 63 (die) early by running.

答案解析：dying 考查非谓语动词。短语 reduce one’s risk of…“降低某人……的风险”，此处介词 of 后应用动名词作宾语。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅱ ）This switch has decreased 66 (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and making drinking water safer for people.

答案解析：pollution 考查词性转换。本题在及物动词 decrease 后作宾语需用 pollute 的名词形式，故填pollution。

（2018 全国卷Ⅲ）I quickly lowered myself, ducking my head to avoid 64looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel 65 (challenge).

答案解析：challenged 考查词性转换。feel“感觉”，做连系动词，后面跟形容词作表语 , 表示人的感受用challenged。

（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 which/that showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67(cause).

答案解析：causes 考察名词的数。cause 是可数名词，而前面的 all 表示“所有”，修饰的可数名词要用复数形式，故填 causes。

（2016 全 国 卷 Ⅰ ）On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68 (it)mother.

答案解析：its 考查形容词性的物主代词。由语境和空格后面的 mother 可知，此空应填形容词性的物主代词 its 作定语。

（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surface, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles, avoid hills and get good running shoes.

答案解析：strengthen 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处为动词不定式作目的状语，故本空应填动词 strengthen“增强，加强”。

（2018 全国卷Ⅱ）According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67 (globe) fertilizer consumption.

答案解析：global 考查名词转化为形容词。此处要用形容词作定语修饰后面的名词。

（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61(long) than non-runners.

答案解析：longer 考查副词的比较级。后面由比较连词 than, 故用比较级 longer。

（2018 全国卷Ⅲ）He screams the 63 (loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges towards me.

答案解析：loudest 考查副词的最高级。前面有定冠词 the，后面有表示比较范围的介词短语 of all，因此填最高级形式 loudest。

（2017 全 国 卷 Ⅰ ）Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.

答案解析：worse 考查形容词的比较级。even 常常修饰比较级，even worse 是固定短语，意为“更为糟糕的是”。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅱ）A taste of meat is 63 (actual) behind the change:An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.

答案解析：actually 考查词类转换。这里需要填副词修饰动词 is。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅰ）If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try.

答案解析：it/running 此处表示“我们都应该尝试一下跑步”。give sth. a try “尝试某事”，代替前面的running 要用 it。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅰ）While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 is (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming.

答案解析：than 考查介词。根据前面的 more 可知，此处应该用 than 引出比较对象，句意为“跑步比散步、骑车、游泳更有效地延长寿命”。

（2018 全 国 卷 Ⅱ ）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over62 past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.

答案解析：the 考查冠词。此处是特指，故填定冠词 the。over the past 25 years 表示“在过去 25 年里”。

（2016 全国卷Ⅲ）In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 61 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.

答案解析：and 考查并列连词。“中国、日本、朝鲜和越南”这几个国家是并列关系，因此填 and。

（2016 全 国 卷 Ⅲ ）Over time, 65 thepopulation grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.

答案解析：as/when 考查引导状语从句的从属连词。句意为“随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小片使它们更快地煮熟”。根据句意和句子结构，空格处填引导时间状语从句的从属连词 as/when。

（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 causes (cause).

答案解析：that/which 考查引导定语从句的关系代词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为a study，定语从句缺少主语，故填关系代词 that/which。

（2014 全 国 卷 Ⅱ）Then the driver stood up and asked,“ 48 Anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”

答案解析：Did 考查助动词。根据本句的 last stop可知，句子应该是一般过去时，因此一般疑问句的助动词是 did。