一、高中英语阅读理解题型解读

1,阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段，考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系的因素。   

阅读的方法可以使用以下几种：

1.跳读：就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。

2.略读：指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。

3.精读：即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。          

在使用阅读技巧时尽量做到以下几点：   

1.带着问题阅读短文。                2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。

3.推断单词、句子和文章的含义。      4.尽快选择答案。   

（二）不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧   

1.记叙文 

    记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。 传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。

2.说明文

     说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。

l 数字说明文 

 在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。

l 解释说明文 

解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。   

l 比较说明文 

比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。  

3.应用文 

应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。

     阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解，并据此进行判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜测词义题属于客观题；主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。针对不同类型的题目，要在平时的练习过程中，结合具体的题目，给学生进行解题方法的指导和讲解。对于客观题，要提醒他们阅读时关注文章的细节，如时间，地点或一些具体数字，在选择答案时，务必从原文中找到确切的依据。

    我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型，根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。

Ⅰ.事实细节题

    属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为：

①Which of the followingis true/NOT true in the passage?

②Which of the followingstatements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

③Which is the rightorder of the events given in the passage?

④All the followingstatements are NOT true except          .

    细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because,since, as等；表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

Ⅱ.猜测词义题

    在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：

1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义

在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如： The herdsman,who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。

2）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义

在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如： Though Tom’sface has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。

3）通过因果关系猜测词义

because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：She wantedthe hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。

4）根据生活常识猜测词义

运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of theroses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。

5）根据同等关系猜测词义

同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如： At forty-twohe was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full ofenergy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。

6）根据列举的事例猜测词义

You can takeany of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching inSchools”, or “English Learning”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。

7）根据构词法知识猜测词义

根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句：

    The schools are reluctant to takeoff — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had troublegetting the day off.

A.kind  B.unwilling  C.free  D.careless    【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为B.

Ⅲ.推理判断题

做这类题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。不要主观臆断，凭空想象，任意发挥，而走入误区。学生要学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用归纳、对比、演绎技能，运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调(如：否定、厌恶、反问、讽刺等)。这类试题常以如下句式发问： 
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage? 
②What’s the author’s attitude（态度）towards...?

③We can infer /learnfrom the passage that...

如： Once there wassomething wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing butturn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take offthe part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with anew line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 forwhat he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new partonly costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs$ 29,999.”

Q: What can you concludefrom this passage? 
A. the engineer asked for too much money      B. the workers should pay the money 
C. the knowledge is worth money             D. the new part could cost more

   这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事，那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢？虽然作者没有言明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识，知识是创造价值的源泉，因此此题的正确答案应为C。

Ⅳ.主旨大意题

这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。

一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：

1．确定文章的标题和主题(title ortopic)

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖  2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。

常见的标题型题干：

1)  The besttitle/ headline for this passage might be________.

2)  The text(passage) could be entitled   ______.

3)  What isthe best title for the passage?

4) What’s the topic ofthe article?

如：In the 1930s, a lot ofpeople in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named AlfredButts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planneda game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied withthe game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money fromhis new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.

Q: The text is mainlyabout________.

A.Lexico    B. Three men   C . A wordgame      D. Alfred Butts.

【解题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。

2.主题句（topicsentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括

一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.

常见的主题句和主旨型题干：

1) What is the topicsentence of the passage?

2) Thisarticle/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.

3) Which of thefollowing gives a general idea of the passage?

4) Which of thefollowing is the main idea of the passage?
如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided toleave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduatedwith honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with anexcellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.

Q: What is the main ideaof the passage?

A. How Joshua Binghambecame a lawyer.         B. Bingham is adiligent student.

C. Joshua Binghamreceived an excellent education.  D. Agood lawyer needs good education.

【解题思路】  此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstatedmain idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ。

    总之，阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力，一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯；如：要用眼光看，不要用手指去点；要默读，不要小声读。二是要积累大量的词汇，把阅读中的高频难词熟记，每次阅读后要整理好生词，然后记住其意思。三是要广泛地做课后阅读，坚持每天读1-2篇文章。四是不要一遇到生词就查字典，要先猜其意义，等做完题目后再查字典，以免影响阅读速度。

 

 

 

二、高中英语阅读理解解题技巧

一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。

　　阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

　　抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。

　　试试看，你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗？

The panda is a popularanimal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front pagenews and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are amongthe most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand inzoo gift shops.

　　不难看出，文章的第一句是主题句，后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。

二、看题干，带着问题读文章。

　　首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。

三、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

　　在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer, imply,suggest, indicate等。

四、 猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

　　猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

a. 定义法

It will be very hard butalso very brittle...that is, it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。

b. 同位法

They traveled a longway, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语部分a largebuilding in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。

c. 对比法

She is usually promptfor all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

d. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)

Perhaps, we can see somepossibilities for next fifty years. possibility 是possible 的同根名词， 据此可以断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。

e. 因果法

The lack of movementcaused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So theplayer could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。

 

基础练习

故事类                           (1) Son’s Help
Mr. Lang worked in a factory. As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much.His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, shetook good care of him and he never did anything at home. So he had enough timewhen he had a holiday. A few friends of his liked gambling(赌博) and helearned it soon. So he was interested in it and hardly forgot anything exceptgambling. He lost all his money and later he began to sell the television,watches and so on. His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her.She had to tell the police. He and his friends were punished for it. And he washardly sent away. After he came out of lockup(拘留所), he hated her verymuch and the woman had to leave him.
It was New Year’s Day. Mr. Lang didn’t go to work. He felt lonely and wanted togamble again. He called his friends and they came soon. But they were afraid thepolice would come. He told his five-year-old son to go to find out if therewere the policemen outside. They waited for a long time and didn’t think thepolice would come and began to gamble. Suddenly opened the door and in came afew policemen.
“I saw there weren’t any policemen outside, daddy,” said the boy, “so I went tothe crossing and asked some to come.”
1. Mr. Lang was paid much because _______. 
A. he was a driver             B. heworked in a factory
C. he had a lot of work to do     D. hehad worked there for a long time
2. Mrs. Lang did all housework because _______. 
A. she couldn’t find any work             B. she thought her husband was tired
C. her husband spent all time in gambling    D. she wouldn’t stop her husband gambling
3. _______, so he was put into lockup. 
A. Mr. Lang often gambled               B.Mr. Lang was late for work
C. Mr. Lang didn’t help his wife at home   D. Mr. Lang wasn’t polite to the police
4. The woman had to leave Mr. Lang because _______. 
A. he didn’t love her any longer      B.he wouldn’t stop gambling
C. he had been put into lockup       D.he was hardly sent away by the factory
5. Which of the following is right? 
A. The boy hoped his father to be put into lockup again.
B. The boy thought his father needed some policemen.
C. The boy hoped his father to stop gambling soon.
D. The boy hoped his mother to come back.
【答案与解析】本文讲一个赌棍想要赌钱，因此叫他的儿子把风，可他的儿子却把警察找来的故事。
1. C。细节题。根据第1段第2句话 As a driver,he was busy but he was paid much 可知答案为 C。
2. B。推断题。根据第1段第3句话 His wife wasan able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good careof him and he never did anything at home 可知答案为 B。
3. A。推断题。根据 His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen toher. She had to tell the police 可知答案为 A。
4. A。细节题。根据 …he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him可知答案为 A。
5. B。语义理解题。根据最后一句话 I saw there weren’t any policeman outside, daddy, so Iwent to the crossing and asked some to come 可知答案为 B。

 

 

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