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Unit1 Art

aim  n. 目标；目的  vi. & vt. 瞄准；(向某方向)努力

typical  adj. 典型的；有代表性的

adopt  vt. 采用；采纳；收养

possess  vt.  拥有；具有；支配

a great deal   大量

attempt  n. 努力；尝试；企图  vt.  尝试；企图

on the other hand  (可是)另一方面

predict  vt.预言；预告；预测

specific  adj.确切的；特定的

appeal  vi.  有感染力；呼吁；求助  vt.  将……上诉  n.  呼吁；恳求

appeal to  (对某人)有吸引力；(使某人)感兴趣

1.Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.

在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。

2.序数词the first/the second/the last(＋ sb.) ＋ to do是一种常见结构，表示“最早、第二、最后做某事的人”，其中的不定式作后置定语；如果主语和不定式之间有被动关系，不定式应使用被动结构to be done。 例如：

My monitor is always the first to come to school and the last to leave. 

我的班长总是第一个到校、最后一个离开。 

To tell the truth, he was the last person to be met with by the manager. 

说实话，他是最后一个被经理接见的人。 

3.It is amazing/surprising/astonishing/shocking that...是一种常见句型，表示“……令人吃惊、震惊、惊讶等”，其中it是形式主语，that引导主语从句作句子的真正主语。这种句型可以用to one's amazement/surprise/astonishment/shock 这些短语作状语来改写。 

It is surprising that children who are seven years old don't know how to brush one's teeth. 

令人吃惊的是，七岁的孩子还不知道怎么刷牙。 

To our shock, the terrorist explosion caused over one hundred deaths. 

令我们震惊的是，这次恐怖爆炸造成了一百多人死亡。

Unit2 Poems

concrete  adj.  具体的

flexible  adj.  灵活的；可弯曲的；柔顺的

take it easy  轻松；不紧张；从容

run out of  用完

be made up of  由……构成

in particular  尤其；特别

eventually  adv.  最后；终于

transform  vi. & vt. 转化；转换；改造变换

appropriate  adj.  适当的；正当的

exchange  n.交换；交流；互换  vt. & vi.  调换；交换

sponsor  n.  主办者；倡议者  vt.  发起；举办；倡议

try out  测试；试验

let out 发出；放走

1.This is why... 这就是......的原因。(强调结果)

This is because... 这是因为......(强调原因) 

The reason why...is/was that...(......的原因是......)一般用that引导表语从句。    

2.There are various reasons why people write poetry.

人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。

3.The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.

（童谣的）语言具体但富有想象力，这能使小孩子们快乐，因为它们押韵，节奏感强,并较多重复。

4.By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.

通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。

5.Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.   

另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的,叫做五行诗。

6.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own.

有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型,学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。

Unit3 A healthy life

abuse  n. & vt. 滥用；虐待

stress  n. 压力；重音  vt. 加压力于；使紧张

ban  vt. 禁止；取缔  n. 禁令；谴责

due  adj. 欠款的；预定的；到期的

due to  由于……

automatic adj. 无意识的；自动的

mental  adj. 精神的；智力的

effect  n. 结果；效力

strengthen  vt. 加强；巩固；使坚强  vi. 变强

decide on  对……作出决定

feel like (doing)  想要(做)……

desperate  adj.绝望的，拼命的

disappointed  adj. 失望的；沮丧的

ashamed  adj. 感到惭愧或羞耻的

in spite of  不顾；不管

take risks (a risk)  冒险

get into  陷入；染上(坏习惯)

at risk  处境危险；遭受危险

awkward  adj. 局促不安的；笨拙的

1.Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.  

每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己：你（已经）是不吸烟的人了。 

every time在这里相当于从属连词，连接时间状语从句；remind后面又跟了that引导的宾语从句。  

2.Do not be disappointed if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking. 

即使你非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉，你也不要失望。

1.it可指代前文提到的事物；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。

2.it用作形式主语，不定式、动名词或主语从句做真正主语。

It worries me that he keeps changing his mind. 

3.it作形式宾语，不定式、动名词或宾语从句做真正宾语。 

He didn't make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.   

4.表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词，后面接it，然后再跟宾语从句，it代指从句所表达的内容。此类动词有hate，dislike，enjoy，appreciate等。 

I'd appreciate it if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.

5.强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)...

强调句型用来强调谓语动词/定语以外的任何句子成 分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

(1)强调句用于一般疑问句：Is/Was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。

(2)强调句用于特殊疑问句：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋ it＋ that＋其他部分？ 

(3)在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例：It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.

(4)在强调not...until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.

(5)如何判断是否是强调句：可把 It，is / was和that 去掉，剩余部分在不增减任何词的情况下还是一个完整的句子，那么这种句子是强调句。 

It was in the street that I met her father.  →In the street I met her father.  

It was because she was ill that they didn’t ask her to do the job. →Because she was ill, they didn’t ask her to do the job.

Unit4 Global warming

come about  发生；造成

subscribe to  同意；订购

quantity  n. 量；数量

quantities of  大量的

tend  vi. 趋向；易于；照顾  vt. 照顾；护理

go up  上升；增长；升起

result in  导致

oppose  vt. 反对；反抗；与(某人)较量

opposed  adj. 反对的；对立的

be opposed to  反对……

state  vt. 陈述；说明

range  n. 种类；范围

even if  即使

keep on  继续

glance  vi. 看一下；扫视  n. 一瞥

steady  adj. 平稳的；持续的；稳固的

steadily  adv. 平稳地；持续地

tendency  n. 倾向；趋势

widespread  adj. 分布广的；普遍的

on the whold  大体上；基本上

average  adj. 平均的

on behalf of  代表……一方；作为……的代言人

put up with  忍受；容忍

so long as  只要

an so on  等等

circumstance  n. 环境；情况

1.All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy.

所有的科学家同意这种观点：人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料如煤、天然气和石油，从而引起了地球温度的升高。

2.It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.

这意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起全球温度上升。

3.It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997.

是一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把1957-1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。

4.They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide.

他们还同意下述观点，正是燃烧越来越多的化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。

5.On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.

另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。

Unit5 The power of the nature

alongside  adv.在旁边；沿着边  prep. 在……旁边；沿着……的边

appoint  vt. 任命；委派

wave  n. 波浪；波涛  vi. 波动；起伏；挥手

absolute  adj. 绝对的；完全的

absolutely  adv. 绝对地；完全地

suit  n. 一套外衣；套装  vt. 适合；使适宜

make one’s way  前往

potential  n. 潜在性；可能性；潜能  adj.  可能的；潜在的

actual  adj. 实在的；实际的

shoot (shot, shot)  vt. 射中；射伤

anxious  adj. 忧虑的；不安的

anxiety  n. 担心；焦虑；渴望

panic (panicked, panicked)  vi. & vt. 惊慌  n.  惊慌；恐慌

glance through  匆匆看一遍

vary from…to…   由……到……不等

guarantee  vt. 保证；担保

1.I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. 

我睡得正酣，正在这时我的床开始晃动，我听到一种奇怪的声音，就像一列火车正从我窗外驶过。 

2.The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.  

另外两人攀下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。 

句中的this being my first experience为独立主格结构。 

3.It's said that... 表示“据说......”，可以替换为“Sb is said to...”，其中的不定式可以有多种形式(一般时、完成时、被动语态)。 

It is said that another typhoon will come soon.＝ Another typhoon is said to come soon. 据说又要来台风了 

It is said that his father-in-law has been infected with AIDS.＝ His father-in-law is said to have been infected with AIDS. 

据说他岳父感染了艾滋病。

动名词

动词的ing形式如果是名词，这种形式叫做动名词。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

一. 动名词的四种形式及其意义

1.基本形式：doing （表示主动）

2.被动式：being done（表示被动）

3.完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）

4.完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） 

例如：

Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.

在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。

Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.

Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。

I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.

我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。

Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.

很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。

二. 动名词的语法功能

动名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。

Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）

学英语非常困难。

I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）

我喜欢跳舞。 

I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）

我已经习惯了住农村。

His job is driving a bus.（作表语）

他的工作是开车。 

The washing mashine woks well.（作定语）

这台洗衣机非常好用。

三. 注意事项

1.只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的28个常用动词

practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit 

2.既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的8个动词

remember to do sth. 记住要做某事（未做）  

remember doing sth. 记得做过某事（已做）  

forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未做）  

forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做）

regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事（未做）  

regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做）

try to do sth. 努力做某事   

try doing sth. 尝试做某事 

mean to do sth. 计划做某事  

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 

can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 

can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事  

go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事  

go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事

stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事

stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情

3.it 做形式主语，动名词做真正主语位于句末的重要句型

It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doing

It is no good / not much good doing 

It is no worthwhile doing 

It is a waste of time doing

现在分词

一. 现在分词的四种形式及其意义

①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）

②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）

③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）

④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） 

He sat there，reading a newspaper.

他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。

The area being studied may be rich in coal.

这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.

完成作业后，我开始看电视。

Having been told many times，she still can't remember it.

已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。

二. 现在分词的语法功能

现在分词在句中可以做表语、定语、状语和补语等。

The story is interesting.

这个故事有趣。

He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）

他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。

The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）

这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）

他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。