非谓语动词属于英语语法的三座大山之一,无论在考试中还是平时的英语阅读中所起的作用都举足轻重。
但是,对于这么重要的语法内容,很多同学们却怎么学都学不透,要么完全不懂、做题时全靠“感觉”;要么一知半解,能跳过则跳过。其实,只要方法正确,遇到有关非谓语动词的题目时就会迎刃而解,更令人开心的是,在平时的英语阅读中再也不需要绕道而行了!
非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式,其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语,综合这两点,我们将其叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词包含四种形式,即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中,每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下:
①基本形式:to do(表示主动,并且一般表示将来)
②被动式:to be done(表示被动,并且一般表示将来)
③进行式:to be doing (表示主动和进行)
④完成时:to have done(表示主动和完成)
⑤完成被动式:to have been done(表示被动和完成)
⑥完成进行式:to have been doing (表示主动和完成进行)
The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
The car to be bought is for his sister.
She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.
The thief is said to have escaped.
The thief is said to have been arrested.
She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.
③完成式:having done(表示主动和完成)
④完成被动式:having been done(表示被动和完成)
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.
③完成式:having done(表示主动和完成)
④完成被动式:having been done(表示被动和完成)
He sat there,reading a newspaper.
The area being studied may be rich in coal.
Having finished my homework,I began to watch TV.
Having been told many times,she still can't remember it.
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成;不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。
注意:非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的:和谓语动作同时发生表示进行;发生在谓语动作之后表示将来;发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外,其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1. 不定式:做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .(作主语)
It’s easy to see their aunt.(作真正主语,it做形式主语)
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.(作宾语)
His wish is to be a driver.(作表语)
I have nothing to say.(作定语)
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . (作宾语补足语)
They went to see their aunt. (目的状语)
Learning English is very difficult .(作主语)
I have got used to living in the country.(作介词宾语)
His job is driving a bus.(作表语)
The story is interesting.
He sat there,reading a newspaper.(作状语)
The area being studied may be rich in coal.(作定语)
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.(作宾补)
He is interested in the news.(作表语)
Given more time,I can do my work better.(做状语)
I found my watch stolen.(做宾补)
四. 非谓语动词重、疑、难点。
1. 须用省去to 的不定式(do)作宾补的11个动词。
五看(see、watch、notice、observe、look at)
根据谐音记忆法,我们可以记做“吾看两厅三室一感觉”。
I saw a big bird fly over the roof of the house yesterday.
注意:以上11个动词,也可以接现在分词和过去分词作宾补,但在时间和语态上会有变化,我们以see为例来区分一下。
see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事
see sb./sth. done 看到某人/某物被......
I see him make the phone call.
我看到他打了电话。(他打电话的整个动作我都看见了)
I see him making a phone call.我看到他正在打电话。(强调看到他正在打电话,并没有看见全过程.)
We often see him surrounded by much work.
2.只接不定式(不能接动名词)作宾语的25个常用动词
want、would like、wish、help、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、afford、agree、arrange、ask、beg、care、choose、decide、demand、determine、expect、fear、prepare、pretend、promise、refuse
3. 只接动名词(不能接不定式)作宾语的28个常用动词
practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit
4. 既可接不定式也可接动名词,但含义完全不同的8个动词
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做)
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做)
regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事(未做)
regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
5. 所有非谓语动词的完成形式都不能做定语,如to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done 和 having been done。
1. 判断非谓语动作的逻辑主语,以此来确定它表示主动含义还是被动含义。
①非谓动词做定语时,其逻辑主语是它所修饰的名词或代词。
和谓语动作同时发生表示进行,应用以上提到的进行式(to be doing和doing);发生在谓语动作之后表示将来,应用(to do和to be done);发生在谓语动作之前表示完成,应用(to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done、having been done和done)。
(1)_____ all my money on the car, I can’t afford a holiday with my friend this summer.
【答案与解析】D “已经花了所有的钱买车”做时间状语,所以其逻辑主语应是句子主语“我”。“我”与“花钱”之间应该是主动关系,并且“花钱”发生在谓语动作“can’t afford a holiday”之前,所以非谓语动词应用主动和完成的含义,故选“D”。
(2)An exercise method to improve strength and balance is becoming popular in the United States.
【答案与解析】B “设计”在这里是定语,修饰其前的“an exercise method”,所以其逻辑主语应该是它的被修饰词“an exercise method”,所以表被动。因为“设计”这个动词在这里本身已经完成,所以应用表示被动完成含义的designed。
(3)Open your heart, and you’ll make yourself better ______.
【答案与解析】A ”知道,了解“在这里做宾补,所以其逻辑主语是其前的宾语”yourself“,”yourself“和”知道,了解“在这里是被动关系,所以选择过去分词”known“。
长按识别二维码 咨询夏令营详情
本文整理于网络 版权归原作者所有
如有侵权请联系删除