知识点扫描
expert adj.熟练的;经验或知识丰富的 n.专家
backward adv. & adj.向后地(的);相反地(的)
conclude vt.&vi.(结束;推断出)
conlusion n.(结论;结束)
neighbourhood n.(附近;邻近)
neighbour n.(邻居;邻近的人)
expose vt.(暴露;揭露;使曝光)
exposition n.(说明;解释;博览会)
pollute vt.(污染;弄脏)
pollution n.(污染)
announce vt.(宣告;通告)
announcement n.(宣告;通告;通知)
instruct vt.(命令;指示;教导)
instruction n.(命令;指示;说明书)
construct vt.(建设;修建)
construction n.(建设;建筑物)
contribute vt.(捐献;贡献;捐助)
contribution n.(贡献;捐助物;捐款)
enthusiastic adj.(热情的;热心的)
enthusiasm n.(热情;热心;热忱)
reject vt.(拒绝;不接受;抛弃)
rejection n.(拒绝;退回;废弃物))
universe n.(宇宙;世界)
universal adj.(宇宙的;全世界的;普遍的)
know about 了解……情况(消息)
make sense 讲得通;有意义
put forward 提出
draw a conclusion 得出结论
expose…to 使显露
apart from 除……之外;此外
be to blame 应受责备的;应负责任的
come to an end 结束;终止
lead to 引起;造成;导致
(be)strict with…对……严格的
point of view 观点
link…to… 将……和……联系或连接起来
1.neither…nor…既不……也不……
2.…every time…每一次(引导时间状语从句)
3.…not (never)…until…直到……才……
1. What do you know about great scientists?
你对伟大的科学家们有哪些了解?
本句中know about意为“知道,了解”。
例如
I happen to know about him.
我碰巧知道一些有关他的情况。
2. Who put forward a theory about black holes?
谁提出了关于黑洞的理论?
此处 put forward意为“提出”。
put forward还可意为“将……提前;将钟拨快;向前移”。
例如
Who put forward the suggestion?
这个建议是谁提出的?
We shall have to put the meeting forward.
我们得把会议提前。
与put 相关的短语还有:
put aside 把……放一边,储存,保留;
put away 放好,收好;
put off 推迟;
put out 熄灭,公布,生产;
put up举(手),搭起,支起,张贴;
put up with 忍受。
得出结论。
短语 draw a conclusion意为“得出结论”,也可以写作reach/ come to/ lead to a conclusion;in conclusion意为“最后,总而言之”。
例如
I find it difficult to draw a conclusion on that.
我觉得此事难下结论。
In conclusion,I’d like to thank my parents.
最后,我想感谢我的父母。
4. John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的医术如此精湛,所以成为照顾维多利亚女皇的私人医生。
①句中expert 作名词,意为“专家,能手”。
expert还可做形容词,意为“熟练的,有专门技术或知识的”。
②句中attend作动词,意为“照顾,看护,陪同”,另外attend还可意为“出席,参加”;其名词是attendance, 意为“出席,出席人数,照顾”。
③句中含有so…that…句式,意为“如此……以致于……”,that引导结果状语从句。常用句型为:主语+谓语+so+adj. / adv. + that从句。
例如
She is a famous expert in psychology.
她是一位有名的心理学专家。
I decided to attend the meeting myself.
我决定亲自去参加会议。
There is a nurse in attendance.
有一位护士在照顾病人。
5. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但是每当他想到要帮助那些受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓的时候,他就会感到振奋。
句中expose是及物动词,意为“暴露,揭露,使曝光”。常用结构有:expose sb./ sth. to使某人(某物)暴露在……;be exposed to使暴露在……。
例如
He exposed the plan to the newspapers.
他向几家报纸透露了这个计划。
The film was exposed.
这卷胶卷曝光了。
6. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
人们既不了解它的病因,也不了解它的治疗方法。
句中neither...nor...是并列连词,其含义是“既不……也不……”,连接两个短语做主语时,谓语动词形式应与nor后面的部分保持一致,即遵循就近原则。
例如
Neither he nor I have met such a beautiful girl before.
我和他以前都没见过这么漂亮的女孩。
Neither you nor I was at home yeasterday.
你和我昨天都不在家。
7. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
每次霍乱暴发时,都会有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。
句中名词短语every time在此处做连词,引导时间状语从句,意思是“每一次……的时候”。
例如
Every time I look into your eyes, I can tell you our love is still alive.
每次我看着你的眼睛,我都能对你说我们的爱还在。
Every time I try, my partner suffers.
每次我试着跳时,我的舞伴都很受罪。
every time也可以在句中作时间状语,意思是“每次”。
例如
Our team wins every time.
我们队每次都赢。
Every time I get no further.
每次我都无法前进。
另外every time 可以和each time互换
例如
Every/ Each time I wash the car, it rains.
每次我洗车就下雨。
I had three tries but failed each/every time.
我试了三次,但是每次都失败。
8.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
他知道直到找到病源才能控制霍乱疫情。
句中control为动词,意为“控制,支配,管理”。
例如
He found it difficult to control his feeling.
他觉得很难控制自己的情绪。
The government tries its best to control housing price.
政府努力控制房价。
另外control也可作名词,意为“控制,统治,掌握”,其常用短语有:
lose control of / be (go) out of control失去控制;
in control of在……的控制下;
under the control of在……控制之下;
under control(被)控制。
9. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.
第二种看法认为人们是在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。
句中absorb作及物动词,意为“吸收;吸引”。
absorb 还可意为“专心于”,常用短语为be absorbed in意为“全神贯注于……,热衷于……”。
例如
His business aborbs him.
他的业务使他全神贯注。
The old man was absorbed in reading the book.
那位老人正全神贯注地读书。
10.In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
特别在两条街道,霍乱暴发得很严重,以致于10天之内就死去了500多人。
句中severe为形容词,意为“严重的,严厉的,(疼痛)剧烈的”。
例如
You are too severe on your son.
你对你儿子太严厉了。
He has a severe pain in his leg.
他的腿疼得厉害。
11. It seemed that the water was to blame.
看来水是罪魁祸首。
句中blame作及物动词,意为 “责备,责怪,归咎于”,一般用于blame sb.( for…)(因为……)责备某人;但是在习惯用法be to blame 中要用其主动形式来表示被动意义,意思是“应受责备;该承担责任”。
例如
He blamed his teachers for his failure.
他把自己的失败归咎于他的老师。
The children were not to blame for the accident.
那次事故怪不着孩子们。
He is more to blame than you.
是他更应受责备,而不是你。
12. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.
在伦敦另一个地区,他从两个与宽街霍乱疫情有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力的证据。
此处link作动词,意为“连接,相关联”,link…to…将……和……连接或联系起来; be linked to/ with与……有联系,把……连接起来。link还可作名词,意为“联系,连接”。
例如
The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.
新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接起来了。
The wire is linked to the television.
这根电线和电视机连在一起。
Study must be linked closely to practice.
学习必须紧密联系实际。
There must be a link between the two cases.
这两个事件肯定有关联。
13. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.
有了这个特别的证据,约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布,这种被污染了的水携带着病毒。
句中announce为动词,意为“宣布,通告,发布”,其名词为announcement,意为“宣告,通告,通知”。
例如
The vote was completed and the chairman announced the result.
投票完毕,主席宣布了投票结果。
They announced that she would give one extra song.
他们宣布说她将再唱一首歌。
An announcement will be made next week.
下周将有一个通告发布。
We were eager to hear the announcement of the winner of the race.
我们急于听到宣布赛跑优胜者的名单。
14. Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases.
除了以上提及的结构,你们还学习了下面的词组。
句中apart from是介词短语,意为“除……之外;此外”,根据上下文的不同,它既可以用作besides(除……之外),也可以用作except(除了……之外)和except for(除……外)。
例如
Apart from (except) them,I have no one to talk to.
除了他们以外,我没有人说话。
Apart from (besides) other considerations, time is also a factor.
除了别的因素之外,时间也是一个因素。
It is a good composition apart from (except for) several spelling mistakes.
除了有几处拼写错误外,这是一篇好作文。
15.all his mathematical calculation led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.
他所有的数学计算都得出一个相同的结论:地球不是太阳系的中心。
lead to意为“导致,带来,通往”,注意to为介词。
例如
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
His careless driving led to the traffic accident.
他的粗心驾驶导致了这场事故。
As is known to all, hard work leads to success.
众所周知,努力带来成功。
This incident led to their breaking the agreement.
这个事件导致他们违背协议。
16. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置时,天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
only if放句首,主语采用倒装句。make sense意为“讲得通,有意义,言之有理”。
例如
Only if you tried hard can you succeed.
只有努力你才能成功。
Does that seem to make sense?
这讲得通吗?
It would make sense to leave early.
早点离开是明智的。
The movie doesn’t make any sense.
这个电影毫无意义。
17. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.
基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论,说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意,而支持这种理论的人会遭到攻击。
reject是及物动词,意为“拒绝,不接受,抛弃”。
例如
The board rejected all our ideas.
董事会拒绝了我们所有的想法。
The supermarket rejected all bad apples.
这家超市丢弃了所有的坏掉的苹果。
18. Persuasive writing is about changing somebody else’s point of view.
劝导性写作就是关于改变别人观点的写作。
point of view意为“观点,看法,见解”。
例如
Please explain to me your point of view.
请对我解释你的观点。
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