语法知识汇总

一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格

(一)名词单复数

1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives

5.不规则名词复数：

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

(二)名词的格

(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格：

a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes

并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车

要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s；Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车

(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China

二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类：

(1)不定冠词：a / an

元音开头的可数名词前用an :

an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

(2)定冠词：the

定冠词的用法：

(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物：The ruler is on the desk.

(2)复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.

(4)在序数词前：John’s birthday is February the second.

(5)用于固定词组中：in the morning / afternoon / evening

不用冠词的情况：

(1)专有名词前：China is a big country.

(2)名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：This is my baseball.

(3)复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

(4)在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

(5)一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.

(6)球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.

(7)学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.

(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.

(9)固定词组中：at noon at night by bus

三、代词、形容词、副词

代词：人称代词，物主代词

 

 

 

形容词，副词：比较级，最高级

(一)、形容词的比较级

1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。

2.形容词加er的规则：

⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;

⑵ 以字母e 结尾，加r ;

⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ;

⑷ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。

3.不规则形容词比较级：good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

(二)副词的比较级

1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形，有形用be;有动用副，有副用动)

⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后

⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)

四、数词：基数词、序数词

基数词

(1)1-20

one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty

(2)21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。

23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four，45→forty—five，56→fifty-six，67→sixty-seven，78→seventy-eight，89→eighty-nine，91→ninety-one

(3)101—999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数;

586→five hundred and eighty-six，803→eight hundred and three

(4)l，000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand.第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion

1，001→one thousand and one

18，423→eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three

6，260，309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

750，000，000，000→seven hundred and fifty billion

序数词

(1)一般在基数词后加th

eg.four→fourth，thirteen→thirteenth

(2)不规则变化

one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve—twelfth

(3)以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加th

twenty→twentieth， forty→fortieth， ninety→ninetieth

(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

 

twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth

 

 

 

 

五、动词：动词的四种时态：

(1)一般现在时：

一般现在时的构成

1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。

2. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English. 我们学习英语。

当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

动词+s的变化规则

1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks

2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies

(2)一般过去时:

动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有：

A、规则动词

① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

② 以e结尾的动词直接加d：如 lived , danced , used

③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)

④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped

B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则，须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式：sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

(3)一般将来时：

基本结构：

①be going to + do;

②will+ do. be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词

动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则：

① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

② 以e 结尾的动词，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing

③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting

 

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